Lokacin da ya zama ruwan maniyyi zuwa labaran kasuwanci, fahimtar fa'idar ƙirƙira na semiconductor ya zama dole. Semiconductor wafer suna da mahimmanci a cikin wannan masana'antar, amma galibi suna fuskantar gurɓatawa daga ƙazanta iri-iri. Waɗannan gurɓatattun, sun haɗa da zarra, kwayoyin halitta, ion ƙarfe, a...
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