ʻO ka pahu kalapona aniani kahi ʻano kīʻaha i hana ʻia i nā mea kūikawā no nā hoʻokolohua wela kiʻekiʻe a me nā noi. Loaʻa iā ia ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ke kūpaʻa kemika maikaʻi a me ka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe, no laila ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā ʻano like ʻole, e like me ka metallurgy, ceramics, chemicals, semiconductors a pēlā aku.
He paʻakikī loa ke kaʻina hana o ke aniani carbon crucible, pono e hele i nā kaʻina hana he nui a me ka mana koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka mea mua, pono e hoʻohana i nā mea maka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe, e like me ka graphite, asphalt, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela a me ka hopena kemika, e hana i ka pauka kalapona aniani. A laila, hana ʻia ka pauka i ke ʻano o ka crucible ma hope o ka hana ʻana, sintering a me nā kaʻina hana ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka mea hope loa, pono nō hoʻi e hoʻokō i ka annealing kiʻekiʻe, wili, polishing a me nā hana ʻē aʻe e hōʻoia i ka maikaʻi a me ka hana o ka crucible.
ʻano ʻokoʻa:
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea graphite like ʻole ma ke ʻano he substrate
ʻAʻole nalowale nā waiwai o ka substrate graphite
Hiki iā ia ke hoʻemi i ka hana ʻana o ka lepo graphite
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻana a me nā mea ʻē aʻe anti-friction lōʻihi
E noi:
Nā mea hana kiʻi kiʻiʻoniʻoni monocrystalline
Nā ʻāpana ulu epitaxial
Make hoolei mau
Paʻa sila aniani
| Material | ʻAno nui | Hʻāʻī | ʻAiʻa uila | Ka ikaika kulou | Ka ikaika compressive |
| ISEM-3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| GP1B | 0 | +3% | 0 | +8% | +3% |
| GP2Z | 0 | +3% | - | +7% | +4% |
| GP2B | 0 | +3% | 0 | +13% | +3% |
