Impamvu ingufu za hydrogène zikurura abantu？

Mu myaka yashize, ibihugu byo ku isi biteza imbere iterambere ry’inganda zikoresha ingufu za hydrogène ku muvuduko utigeze ubaho. Raporo yashyizwe ahagaragara na komisiyo mpuzamahanga ishinzwe ingufu za hydrogène na McKinsey, ivuga ko ibihugu n’uturere birenga 30 byashyize ahagaragara igishushanyo mbonera cy’iterambere ry’ingufu za hydrogène, kandi ishoramari ku isi mu mishinga y’ingufu za hydrogène rizagera kuri miliyari 300 z'amadolari ya Amerika mu 2030

Ingufu za hydrogène nimbaraga zirekurwa na hydrogène mugikorwa cyo guhindura umubiri na chimique. Hydrogen na ogisijeni birashobora gutwikwa kugirango bitange ingufu zubushyuhe, kandi birashobora no guhinduka amashanyarazi na selile. Hydrogen ntabwo ifite amasoko menshi gusa, ahubwo ifite ibyiza byo gutwara ubushyuhe bwiza, isukuye kandi idafite uburozi, nubushyuhe bwinshi kuri misa imwe. Ubushyuhe bwa hydrogène kuri misa imwe bukubye inshuro eshatu za lisansi. Nibikoresho byingenzi byinganda zikomoka kuri peteroli na peteroli ya roketi yo mu kirere. Hamwe noguhamagarira guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere no kugera ku kutabogama kwa karubone, ingufu za hydrogène ziteganijwe guhindura gahunda y’ingufu z’abantu.

Ingufu za hydrogène ntizishimirwa gusa kubera ko zeru zeru zasohotse mu gihe cyo kurekura, ariko nanone kubera ko hydrogène ishobora gukoreshwa nk'itwara ry’ingufu kugira ngo isubize ihindagurika n’igihe gito cy’ingufu zishobora kubaho kandi biteze imbere iterambere rinini rya nyuma . Kurugero, ikoranabuhanga rya "amashanyarazi kuri gaze" ritezwa imbere na guverinoma y’Ubudage ni ugukora hydrogène yo kubika amashanyarazi asukuye nk’umuyaga n’amashanyarazi akomoka ku zuba, adashobora gukoreshwa mu gihe, no gutwara hydrogène mu ntera ndende kugira ngo irusheho gukora neza ikoreshwa. Usibye leta ya gaze, hydrogène irashobora kandi kugaragara nkamazi meza cyangwa hydride ikomeye, ifite uburyo bwo kubika no gutwara ibintu bitandukanye. Nka mbaraga zidasanzwe "couplant", ingufu za hydrogène ntizishobora gusa kumenya ihinduka ryoroshye hagati yamashanyarazi na hydrogène, ariko kandi ryubaka "ikiraro" kugirango hamenyekane guhuza amashanyarazi, ubushyuhe, ubukonje ndetse n’ibikomeye, gaze n’ibicanwa, bityo, kubaka sisitemu yingufu zisukuye kandi neza.

Uburyo butandukanye bwingufu za hydrogène zifite ibintu byinshi byo gukoresha. Mu mpera za 2020, isi yose ifite ibinyabiziga bitanga ingufu za hydrogène biziyongera 38% ugereranije n’umwaka ushize. Ikoreshwa ryinshi ryingufu za hydrogène rigenda ryiyongera buhoro buhoro kuva mumodoka kugeza mubindi bice nko gutwara abantu, ubwubatsi ninganda. Iyo bikoreshejwe muri gari ya moshi n'amato, ingufu za hydrogène zirashobora kugabanya gushingira ku ntera ndende no gutwara ibintu byinshi ku bicanwa bya peteroli na gaze. Kurugero, mu ntangiriro zumwaka ushize, Toyota yateje imbere kandi itanga icyiciro cya mbere cya sisitemu ya selile ya hydrogène yubwato bwamato. Gukoresha ibisekuru byagabanijwe, ingufu za hydrogène zirashobora gutanga ingufu nubushyuhe kububiko nubucuruzi. Ingufu za hydrogène zirashobora kandi gutanga mu buryo butaziguye ibikoresho bibisi neza, bikagabanya ibikoresho n’isoko ryiza ry’ubushyuhe bwa peteroli, ibyuma n’ibyuma, metallurgie n’izindi nganda z’imiti, bikagabanya neza imyuka ihumanya ikirere.

Nyamara, nkubwoko bwingufu za kabiri, ingufu za hydrogène ntabwo byoroshye kubona. Hydrogen ibaho cyane cyane mumazi na lisansi yimyanda muburyo bwimvange kwisi. Byinshi mubikorwa byikoranabuhanga bya hydrogène bihari bishingiye ku mbaraga z’ibinyabuzima kandi ntibishobora kwirinda imyuka yangiza. Kugeza ubu, tekinoroji yo kubyara hydrogène ituruka ku mbaraga zishobora kwiyongera iragenda ikura buhoro buhoro, kandi hydrogène yohereza imyuka ya karubone ishobora kubyara umusaruro w’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu na electrolysis y'amazi. Abahanga kandi barimo gushakisha uburyo bushya bwo gukora hydrogène ikora, nka fotolisi yizuba yamazi kugirango babone hydrogène na biomass kugirango babone hydrogene. Biteganijwe ko ikoranabuhanga rya hydrogène ribyara umusaruro ryakozwe n’ikigo cy’ingufu za kirimbuzi n’ikoranabuhanga rishya ry’ingufu za kaminuza ya Tsinghua biteganijwe ko rizatangira imyigaragambyo mu myaka 10. Byongeye kandi, urwego rwa hydrogène rugizwe nububiko, ubwikorezi, kuzuza, gusaba hamwe nandi masano, nayo ahura nibibazo bya tekiniki hamwe nimbogamizi zibiciro. Dufashe kubika no gutwara nkurugero, hydrogen nubucucike buke kandi byoroshye gutemba munsi yubushyuhe busanzwe nigitutu. Kumara igihe kirekire hamwe nicyuma bizatera "hydrogen embrittlement" no kwangiza ibya nyuma. Kubika no gutwara biragoye cyane kuruta amakara, peteroli na gaze gasanzwe.

Kugeza ubu, ibihugu byinshi bikikije impande zose z’ubushakashatsi bushya bwa hydrogène birakomeje, ingorane za tekinike mu guhaguruka ngo tuneshe. Hamwe no kwaguka kwinshi kwingufu za hydrogène itanga umusaruro nububiko n’ibikorwa remezo byo gutwara abantu, igiciro cy’ingufu za hydrogène nacyo gifite umwanya munini wo kugabanuka. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko igiciro rusange cy’inganda zikoresha ingufu za hydrogène giteganijwe kugabanukaho kimwe cya kabiri mu 2030.Turateganya ko umuryango wa hydrogène uzihuta.