Ubwanditsi bwanditse: Ikoranabuhanga ryamashanyarazi nigihe kizaza cyisi kibisi, kandi tekinoroji ya batiri niyo shingiro ryikoranabuhanga ryamashanyarazi nurufunguzo rwo kugabanya iterambere rinini ryikoranabuhanga ryamashanyarazi. Ikoreshwa rya tekinoroji ya batiri yubu ni bateri ya lithium-ion, ifite ingufu nyinshi kandi ikora neza. Nyamara, lithium nikintu kidasanzwe gifite igiciro kinini kandi gifite amikoro make. Muri icyo gihe, uko ikoreshwa ry’ingufu zishobora kwiyongera, ubwinshi bwingufu za bateri ya lithium-ion ntibuba buhagije. Nigute wasubiza? Mayank Jain yafashe ingamba za tekinoroji ya batiri ishobora gukoreshwa mugihe kizaza. Ingingo yumwimerere yasohotse muburyo bufite umutwe: Kazoza ka tekinoroji ya Batiri
Isi yuzuye imbaraga, kandi dukora ibishoboka byose kugirango dufate kandi dukoreshe neza izo mbaraga. Nubwo twakoze akazi keza muguhindura ingufu zishobora kubaho, ntabwo twateye imbere cyane mukubika ingufu.
Kugeza ubu, urwego rwo hejuru rwa tekinoroji ya batiri ni bateri ya lithium-ion. Iyi bateri isa nkaho ifite ingufu nyinshi, gukora neza (hafi 99%), no kuramba.
None ni ikihe kibi? Mugihe ingufu zishobora gufatwa dufata zikomeje kwiyongera, ubwinshi bwingufu za bateri ya lithium-ion ntibikiri bihagije.
Kubera ko dushobora gukomeza kubyara bateri mubice, ibi ntabwo bisa nkibintu bikomeye, ariko ikibazo nuko lithium ari icyuma gisa gake, bityo igiciro cyacyo ntikiri hasi. Nubwo ibiciro bya batiri bigabanuka, ibikenerwa byo kubika ingufu nabyo biriyongera vuba.
Tugeze aho bateri ya lithium ion imaze gukorwa, bizagira ingaruka nini mubikorwa byingufu.
Ubucucike buri hejuru y’ibicanwa biva mu kirere ni ukuri, kandi iki ni ikintu gikomeye kigira ingaruka ku nzibacyuho yo kwishingikiriza ku mbaraga zishobora kubaho. Dukeneye bateri zisohora ingufu zirenze uburemere bwacu.
Uburyo bateri ya lithium-ion ikora
Uburyo bukora bwa bateri ya lithium isa na bateri isanzwe ya AA cyangwa AAA. Bafite anode na cathode, hamwe na electrolyte hagati. Bitandukanye na bateri zisanzwe, reaction yo gusohora muri bateri ya lithium-ion irahindurwa, bityo bateri irashobora kwishyurwa inshuro nyinshi.
Cathode (+ terminal) ikozwe muri lithium fer fosifate, anode (-terminal) ikozwe muri grafite, naho grafite ikozwe muri karubone. Amashanyarazi nugutemba kwa electron gusa. Izi bateri zitanga amashanyarazi yimura lithium ion hagati ya anode na cathode.
Iyo yishyuwe, ion yimukira kuri anode, kandi iyo isohotse, ion ziruka kuri cathode.
Uku kugenda kwa ion gutera urujya n'uruza rwa electron mukuzunguruka, bityo lithium ion igenda hamwe na electron bigenda.
Bateri ya silicon
Amasosiyete menshi yimodoka nka BMW yagiye ashora imari mugutezimbere bateri ya silicon anode. Kimwe na bateri zisanzwe za lithium-ion, izi bateri zikoresha lithium anode, ariko aho gukoresha anode ishingiye kuri karubone, bakoresha silicon.
Nka anode, silicon iruta grafite kuko bisaba atome 4 za karubone gufata lithium, na atome ya silicon 1 irashobora gufata ioni 4. Ubu ni ikintu gikomeye cyo kuzamura… gukora silicon inshuro 3 kurusha grafite.
Nubwo bimeze bityo, gukoresha lithium biracyari inkota y'amaharakubiri. Ibi bikoresho biracyahenze, ariko kandi biroroshye kohereza ibikoresho byakozwe muri selile silicon. Niba bateri zitandukanye rwose, uruganda rugomba guhindurwa rwose, bizatera ubwiza bwo guhinduranya kugabanuka gato.
Silode anode ikorwa mugutunganya umucanga kugirango itange silikoni nziza, ariko ikibazo gikomeye abashakashatsi bahura nacyo nuko silicon anode yabyimba iyo ikoreshejwe. Ibi birashobora gutuma bateri yangirika vuba. Biragoye kandi kubyara misa.
Batare ya Graphene
Graphene ni ubwoko bwa karubone ikoresha ibintu bimwe n'ikaramu, ariko bisaba igihe kinini cyo guhuza grafite kuri flake. Graphene irashimirwa imikorere yayo myiza mubibazo byinshi bikoreshwa, kandi bateri nimwe murimwe.
Ibigo bimwe birimo gukora kuri bateri ya graphene ishobora kwishyurwa byuzuye muminota no gusohora inshuro 33 byihuse kuruta bateri ya lithium-ion. Ibi bifite agaciro gakomeye kubinyabiziga byamashanyarazi.
Batare
Kugeza ubu, bateri gakondo ni ebyiri. Zaba zegeranye nka bateri ya lithium cyangwa kuzunguruka nka bateri isanzwe ya AA cyangwa lithium-ion.
Batiri ya furo nigitekerezo gishya kirimo kugenda kwamashanyarazi mumwanya wa 3D.
Iyi miterere-3 irashobora kwihutisha igihe cyo kwishyuza no kongera ingufu zingana, izi nizo mico ikomeye cyane ya bateri. Ugereranije nizindi bateri nyinshi, bateri zidafite ifuro nta electrolytite yangiza.
Batteri ya kopi ikoresha electrolytite ikomeye aho gukoresha electrolytite. Iyi electrolyte ntabwo ikora lithium ion gusa, ahubwo ikora nibindi bikoresho bya elegitoroniki.
Anode ifata nabi ya bateri ikozwe mu muringa wuzuye ifuro kandi igasigara hamwe nibikoresho bikenewe.
Electrolyte ikomeye noneho ikoreshwa hafi ya anode.
Hanyuma, icyo bita "paste nziza" ikoreshwa mukuzuza icyuho kiri muri bateri.
Amashanyarazi ya Aluminium
Izi bateri zifite imwe mu mbaraga nini za bateri iyo ari yo yose. Ingufu zayo zirakomeye kandi zoroshye kurusha bateri ya lithium-ion. Abantu bamwe bavuga ko bateri zishobora gutanga kilometero 2000 zimashanyarazi. Iki gitekerezo ni iki? Kubisobanuro, urugendo ntarengwa rwa Tesla ni kilometero 600.
Ikibazo kuri bateri ni uko zidashobora kwishyurwa. Zibyara hydroxide ya aluminium kandi ikarekura ingufu binyuze mu myitwarire ya aluminium na ogisijeni muri electrolyte ishingiye ku mazi. Gukoresha bateri bitwara aluminium nka anode.
Bateri ya Sodium
Kugeza ubu, abahanga b'Abayapani barimo gukora bateri zikoresha sodium aho gukoresha lithium.
Ibi byahungabanya umutekano, kuko bateri ya sodiumi ikora neza inshuro 7 kurusha bateri ya lithium. Iyindi nyungu nini nuko sodium ari ikintu cya gatandatu gikize cyane mububiko bwisi, ugereranije na lithium, nikintu kidasanzwe.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-02-2019