Guhangana niterambere ryamasoko mashya yingufu!

Ati: "Imodoka ya lisansi irihe, kuki tugomba guteza imbere ibinyabiziga bishya?" Iki nikibazo cyibanze abantu benshi batekereza kuri "icyerekezo cyumuyaga" cyinganda zimodoka. Ku nkunga y’amagambo akomeye yo “kugabanuka kw'ingufu”, “kuzigama ingufu no kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere” no “gukora inganda zifata”, Ubushinwa bukeneye guteza imbere amasoko mashya y'ingufu ntiburabona kandi bukamenyekana na sosiyete.

Mubyukuri, nyuma yimyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo ikomeza gutera imbere mumodoka ya moteri yaka imbere, sisitemu yubukorikori ikuze, inkunga yisoko hamwe nibicuruzwa bihendutse kandi byujuje ubuziranenge bituma bigora kumva impamvu inganda zigomba kuva muriyi "nzira nyabagendwa" hanyuma igana iterambere. . Ingufu nshya ni "inzira y'ibyondo" itarashobora guteza akaga. Kuki tugomba guteza imbere inganda nshya? Iki kibazo cyoroshye kandi cyeruye nikibazo cyo kutumva no kutamenyekana twese.

Imyaka irindwi irashize, muri "Politiki y’ingufu z’Ubushinwa 2012 Impapuro zera", gahunda y’igihugu y’ingamba “izateza imbere ingufu nshya n’ingufu zishobora kubaho” izasobanurwa. Kuva icyo gihe, inganda z’imodoka z’Ubushinwa zahindutse vuba, kandi zahise ziva mu ngamba z’ibinyabiziga bya lisansi zijya mu ngamba nshya z’ingufu. Nyuma yibyo, ubwoko butandukanye bwibicuruzwa bishya byingufu bifitanye isano n "inkunga" byahise byinjira ku isoko, maze ijwi ryo gushidikanya ritangira kuzenguruka ingufu nshya. inganda.

Ijwi ryo kubaza ryaturutse mu mpande zitandukanye, kandi ingingo nayo iganisha ku buryo butaziguye no mu ruganda. Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'ingufu gakondo y'Ubushinwa n'ingufu zishobora kubaho? Inganda zikora amamodoka mu Bushinwa zishobora kugabanuka? Nigute ushobora guhangana n’imodoka nshya zingufu zizabukuru mugihe kizaza, kandi niba umwanda ubaho? Kurenza gushidikanya, kutigirira icyizere, uburyo bwo kubona uko ibintu bimeze inyuma yibi bibazo, igihembwe cya mbere cyinkingi kizareba abatwara ibintu hafi yinganda - bateri.

Inkingi ntizishobora kwirindwa "ibibazo byingufu"

Bitandukanye n’imodoka ya lisansi, lisansi ntisaba gutwara (niba igitoro cya lisansi itabaruye), ariko "amashanyarazi" igomba gutwarwa na bateri. Kubwibyo, niba ushaka gusubira mu isoko yinganda, noneho "amashanyarazi" nintambwe yambere mugutezimbere ingufu nshya. Ikibazo cy'amashanyarazi gifitanye isano itaziguye n'ikibazo cy'ingufu. Hariho ikibazo gisobanutse muri iki gihe: Ese koko guteza imbere ingufu z’ingufu nshya kubera ko Ubushinwa buhurijwe hamwe? Mbere rero yo kuvuga rwose kubyerekeye iterambere rya bateri ningufu nshya, dukwiye gusubiza ibibazo byerekeranye nikibazo cyubu mubushinwa bwo "gukoresha amashanyarazi cyangwa gukoresha amavuta".

Ikibazo 1: Imiterere yingufu gakondo zUbushinwa

Bitandukanye nimpamvu yatumye abantu bagerageza bwa mbere ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi mumyaka 100 ishize, impinduramatwara nshya yatewe no kuva kuri "lisansi gakondo" ikajya "ingufu zishobora kubaho". Hariho “verisiyo” zitandukanye ku gusobanura uko ingufu z’Ubushinwa zihagaze kuri interineti, ariko ibintu byinshi by’amakuru byerekana ko ububiko bw’ingufu gakondo bw’Ubushinwa butihanganirwa kandi buteye impungenge nko kohereza net, kandi ububiko bwa peteroli bufitanye isano n’imodoka nabwo. byaganiriweho na rubanda. Imwe mu ngingo nyinshi.

Dukurikije imibare yo muri raporo y’ingufu z’Ubushinwa mu mwaka wa 2018, n’ubwo umusaruro w’ibikomoka kuri peteroli mu gihugu ugabanuka, Ubushinwa bwifashe neza mu bijyanye n’ubucuruzi butumizwa mu mahanga n’iyongera ry’ikoreshwa rya peteroli. Ibi birashobora kwerekana ko byibuze iterambere ryubu ryingufu nshya ridafitanye isano itaziguye n "ikigega cya peteroli."

Ariko bifitanye isano itaziguye? Mu rwego rw’ubucuruzi bw’ingufu zihamye, Ubushinwa gakondo bushingiye ku mbaraga buracyari hejuru. Mu bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga byose, peteroli ya peteroli igera kuri 66% naho amakara angana na 18%. Ugereranije na 2017, ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga bikomeje kwiyongera vuba. Muri 2018, Ubushinwa butumiza peteroli mu mahanga bwageze kuri toni miliyoni 460, umwaka ushize wiyongereyeho 10%. Ibikomoka kuri peteroli biterwa n’ibihugu by’amahanga byageze kuri 71%, bivuze ko hejuru ya bibiri bya gatatu bya peteroli y’Ubushinwa biterwa n’ibitumizwa mu mahanga.

Nyuma y’iterambere ry’inganda nshya z’ingufu, Ubushinwa bukoresha peteroli bukomeje kugenda buhoro, ariko ugereranije na 2017, Ubushinwa bukoresha peteroli buracyazamutseho 3,4%. Ku bijyanye n’ubushobozi bwa peteroli ya peteroli, habaye igabanuka rikomeye muri 2016-2018 ugereranije na 2015, kandi guhindura icyerekezo byongereye gushingira ku bicuruzwa biva mu mahanga biva mu mahanga.

Muri iki gihe imiterere y’ingufu gakondo z’Ubushinwa “zishingiye ku bworoherane”, twizera kandi ko iterambere ry’inganda nshya z’ingufu naryo rizahindura imiterere y’ingufu zikoreshwa. Muri 2018, gukoresha ingufu zisukuye nka gaze karemano, amashanyarazi, ingufu za kirimbuzi n’umuyaga byinjije 22.1% by’ingufu zose zikoreshwa, zimaze imyaka myinshi ziyongera.

Mu gihe cyo guhindura ingufu zisukuye mu masoko y’ingufu gakondo, intego ya karuboni nkeya ku isi, idafite karubone kuri ubu irahoraho, nkuko ibirango by’imodoka by’iburayi n’abanyamerika ubu birimo gukuraho “igihe cyo guhagarika kugurisha ibinyabiziga bya peteroli”. Icyakora, ibihugu bishingiye ku masoko gakondo y’ingufu, kandi Ubushinwa “kubura umutungo wa peteroli” ni kimwe mu bibazo byerekeranye n’ingufu zisukuye. Zhu Xi, umuyobozi w’ubukungu bw’ingufu mu Ishuri Rikuru ry’Ubumenyi bw’Ubushinwa, yagize ati: “Kubera ibihe bitandukanye by’ibihugu, Ubushinwa buracyari mu gihe cy’amakara, isi yinjiye mu gihe cya peteroli na gaze, ndetse n’inzira yo kwimuka kuri sisitemu yingufu zishobora kubaho mugihe kizaza rwose biratandukanye. Ubushinwa bushobora kwambuka peteroli na gaze. Ibihe. ” Inkomoko: Inzu y'imodoka