Inothi lomhleli: Ubuchwepheshe bukagesi yikusasa lomhlaba oluhlaza, futhi ubuchwepheshe bebhethri buyisisekelo sobuchwepheshe bukagesi kanye nesihluthulelo sokukhawulela ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu kobuchwepheshe bukagesi. Ubuchwepheshe bamanje bebhethri obujwayelekile amabhethri e-lithium-ion, anomthamo omuhle wamandla nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu. Kodwa-ke, i-lithium iyinto engavamile enezindleko eziphezulu nezinsiza ezilinganiselwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengoba ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo kukhula, ukuminyana kwamandla amabhethri e-lithium-ion akusanele. kanjani ukuphendula? U-Mayank Jain uthathe isitoko sobunye ubuchwepheshe bebhethri obungase busetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo. I-athikili yoqobo yashicilelwa maphakathi nesihloko esithi: Ikusasa Lobuchwepheshe Bebhethri
Umhlaba ugcwele amandla, futhi senza konke esingakwenza ukuze sibambe futhi siwasebenzise kahle lawo mandla. Nakuba senze umsebenzi ongcono kakhulu ekushintsheleni kumandla avuselelekayo, asikenzi inqubekelaphambili enkulu ekugcineni amandla.
Njengamanje, izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lobuchwepheshe bebhethri amabhethri e-lithium-ion. Leli bhethri libonakala linokuminyana kwamandla okungcono kakhulu, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu (cishe u-99%), nempilo ende.
Manje yini engalungile? Njengoba amandla avuselelekayo esiwathathayo eqhubeka nokukhula, ukuminyana kwamandla amabhethri e-lithium-ion akusanele.
Njengoba singaqhubeka nokukhiqiza amabhethri ngamaqoqo, lokhu akubonakali kuyinto enkulu, kodwa inkinga iwukuthi i-lithium iyinsimbi engavamile, ngakho izindleko zayo aziphansi. Nakuba izindleko zokukhiqiza ibhethri ziwa, isidingo sokugcinwa kwamandla sikhula ngokushesha.
Sifinyelele iphuzu lapho uma ibhethri ye-lithium ion seyakhiwe, izoba nomthelela omkhulu embonini yamandla.
Ukuminyana kwamandla okuphakeme kwamafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi kuyiqiniso, futhi lokhu kuyisici esikhulu esinomthelela esivimbela ukushintshela ekuncikeni ngokuphelele emandleni avuselelekayo. Sidinga amabhethri akhipha amandla angaphezu kwesisindo sethu.
Asebenza kanjani amabhethri e-lithium-ion
Indlela yokusebenza yamabhethri e-lithium ifana namabhethri amakhemikhali e-AA noma AAA ajwayelekile. Anamatheminali e-anode ne-cathode, kanye ne-electrolyte phakathi. Ngokungafani namabhethri ajwayelekile, ukusabela kokukhishwa kwebhethri le-lithium-ion kuyabuyiseleka emuva, ngakho ibhethri lingashajwa ngokuphindaphindiwe.
I-cathode (+ i-terminal) yenziwe nge-lithium iron phosphate, i-anode (-terminal) yenziwe nge-graphite, futhi i-graphite yenziwe nge-carbon. Ugesi uwukugeleza kwama-electron. Lawa mabhethri akhiqiza ugesi ngokuhambisa i-lithium ion phakathi kwe-anode ne-cathode.
Uma ishajwa, ama-ion athuthela ku-anode, futhi lapho ekhishwa, ama-ion agijimela ku-cathode.
Lokhu kunyakaza kwama-ion kubangela ukunyakaza kwama-electron kumjikelezo, ngakho-ke ukunyakaza kwe-lithium ion kanye nokunyakaza kwe-electron kuhlobene.
Ibhethri ye-Silicon anode
Izinkampani eziningi zezimoto ezinkulu njengeBMW bezitshala imali ekuthuthukisweni kwamabhethri e-silicon anode. Njengamabhethri ajwayelekile e-lithium-ion, lawa mabhethri asebenzisa i-lithium anode, kodwa esikhundleni sama-anode asekelwe ku-carbon, asebenzisa i-silicon.
Njenge-anode, i-silicon ingcono kune-graphite ngoba idinga ama-athomu e-carbon angu-4 ukubamba i-lithium, futhi i-athomu ye-silicon engu-1 ingabamba ama-ion we-lithium angu-4. Lokhu ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu … okwenza i-silicon ibe namandla izikhathi ezi-3 kunegraphite.
Noma kunjalo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-lithium kuseyinkemba esika nhlangothi zombili. Lezi zinto zisabiza, kodwa futhi kulula ukudlulisa izindawo zokukhiqiza kumaseli e-silicon. Uma amabhethri ehluke ngokuphelele, imboni kuzodingeka ihlelwe kabusha ngokuphelele, okuzokwenza ukuthi ukukhanga kokushintsha kuncishiswe kancane.
Ama-silicon anode enziwa ngokwelapha isihlabathi ukuze kukhiqizwe i-silicon emsulwa, kodwa inkinga enkulu abacwaningi ababhekene nayo njengamanje ukuthi ama-silicon anode ayavuvukala lapho esetshenziswa. Lokhu kungabangela ukuthi ibhethri lehle ngokushesha kakhulu. Kunzima futhi ukukhiqiza ama-anode ngobuningi.
Ibhethri yegraphene
I-graphene iwuhlobo lwe-carbon flake olusebenzisa into efanayo nepensela, kodwa kubiza isikhathi esiningi ukunamathisela i-graphite kuma-flakes. I-graphene inconywa ngokusebenza kwayo okuhle kakhulu ezimweni eziningi zokusetshenziswa, futhi amabhethri angelinye lawo.
Ezinye izinkampani zisebenza ngamabhethri e-graphene angashajwa ngokugcwele ngemizuzu futhi aphume ngokushesha izikhathi ezingama-33 kunamabhethri e-lithium-ion. Lokhu kunenani elikhulu ezimotweni zikagesi.
Ibhethri legwebu
Njengamanje, amabhethri endabuko anezinhlangothi ezimbili. Zipakishwe njengebhethri ye-lithium noma zigoqwe njengebhethri elivamile le-AA noma i-lithium-ion.
Ibhethri legwebu umqondo omusha obandakanya ukunyakaza kokushaja kagesi esikhaleni se-3D.
Lesi sakhiwo se-3-dimensional singasheshisa isikhathi sokushaja futhi sikhulise ukuminyana kwamandla, lezi izimfanelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zebhethri. Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amabhethri amaningi, amabhethri egwebu awanawo ama-electrolyte awuketshezi ayingozi.
Amabhethri e-Foam asebenzisa ama-electrolyte aqinile esikhundleni se-electrolyte ewuketshezi. Le electrolyte ayigcini nje ngokuqhuba i-lithium ion, kodwa futhi ivikela ezinye izinto zikagesi.
I-anode ephethe ukushajwa okunegethivu kwebhethri yenziwe ngethusi elinegwebu futhi imbozwe ngento esebenzayo edingekayo.
I-electrolyte eqinile ibe isisetshenziswa eduze kwe-anode.
Ekugcineni, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “ukunamathisela okuhle” kusetshenziselwa ukugcwalisa izikhala ngaphakathi kwebhethri.
Ibhethri ye-Aluminium oxide
Lawa mabhethri anomthamo omkhulu wamandla anoma yiliphi ibhethri. Amandla ayo anamandla futhi alula kunamabhethri e-lithium-ion amanje. Abanye abantu bathi la mabhethri angahlinzeka ngamakhilomitha angu-2,000 ezimoto zikagesi. Uyini lo mqondo? Ukuze uthole ireferensi, ibanga eliphakeme lokuhamba ngomkhumbi likaTesla lingamakhilomitha angama-600.
Inkinga ngala mabhethri ukuthi awakwazi ukushajwa. Bakhiqiza i-aluminium hydroxide futhi bakhulule amandla ngokusabela kwe-aluminium nomoya-mpilo ku-electrolyte esekwe emanzini. Ukusetshenziswa kwamabhethri kudla i-aluminium njenge-anode.
Ibhethri ye-sodium
Njengamanje, ososayensi baseJapane basebenzela ukwenza amabhethri asebenzisa i-sodium esikhundleni se-lithium.
Lokhu kungaphazamisa, njengoba amabhethri e-sodium ngokombono ebonakala esebenza kahle ngokuphindwe ka-7 kunamabhethri e-lithium. Enye inzuzo enkulu ukuthi i-sodium iyisici sesithupha esicebe kakhulu ezinqolobaneni zomhlaba, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-lithium, into engavamile.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-02-2019