Siyabonga ngokuvakashela i-nature.com. Usebenzisa inguqulo yesiphequluli enosekelo olulinganiselwe lwe-CSS. Ukuze uthole ukuzizwisa okungcono kakhulu, sincoma ukuthi usebenzise isiphequluli esisesikhathini samanje (noma uvale imodi yokuhambelana ku-Internet Explorer). Okwamanje, ukuqinisekisa ukusekelwa okuqhubekayo, sibonisa isayithi ngaphandle kwezitayela ne-JavaScript.
Sibika umphumela omangalisayo we-photovoltaic ku-YBa2Cu3O6.96 (YBCO) ceramic phakathi kuka-50 no-300 K odalwe ukukhanya kwelaser eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okuhlobene ngokuqondile ne-superconductivity ye-YBCO kanye nesixhumi esibonakalayo se-electrode ye-YBCO-metallic. Kukhona ukuguqulwa kwe-polarity ku-voltage yesekethe evulekile ye-Voc kanye nesekethe emfishane ye-Isc yamanje lapho i-YBCO idlula isuka ku-superconducting iye kusimo sokumelana. Sibonisa ukuthi akhona amandla kagesi kuyo yonke i-superconductor-normal metal interface, ehlinzeka ngamandla okuhlukanisa amapheya embobo ye-electron eyenziwe isithombe. Lokhu okunamandla okusebenza kuqondisa ukusuka ku-YBCO kuya ku-electrode yensimbi lapho i-YBCO yenza i-superconducting futhi ishintshela kolunye uhlangothi lapho i-YBCO iba i-nonsuperconducting. Imvelaphi yamandla ingase ihlotshaniswe kalula nomthelela wokusondela kusixhumi esibonakalayo se-metal-superconductor lapho i-YBCO yenza i-superconducting futhi inani layo lilinganiselwa ku-~10–8 mV ku-50 K nge-laser intensity engu-502 mW/cm2. Inhlanganisela yento yohlobo lwe-p i-YBCO esimeni esijwayelekile nento yohlobo lwe-n Ag-paste yakha ukuhlangana kwe-quasi-pn enesibopho sokuziphatha kwe-photovoltaic ye-YBCO ceramics emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Okutholakele kwethu kungase kuvule indlela eya ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezintsha zemishini ye-photon-electronic futhi kunikeze ukukhanya okwengeziwe ngomthelela oseduze kusixhumi esibonakalayo se-superconductor-metal.
I-voltage eyenziwe ngesithombe kuma-superconductors okushisa okuphezulu iye yabikwa ekuqaleni kwawo-1990 futhi yaphenywa kabanzi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, nokho ubunjalo bayo nendlela yokusebenza kwayo kusalokhu kungalungisiwe1,2,3,4,5. I-YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) amafilimu amancane6,7,8, ikakhulukazi, acwaningwa kakhulu ngendlela yeseli ye-photovoltaic (PV) ngenxa yegebe layo lamandla elilungisekayo9,10,11,12,13. Kodwa-ke, ukumelana okuphezulu kwe-substrate kuhlale kuholela ekusebenzeni okuphansi kokuguqulwa kwedivayisi futhi kumaski izakhiwo eziyinhloko ze-PV ze-YBCO8. Lapha sibika umphumela omangalisayo we-photovoltaic odalwe i-laser eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (λ = 450 nm) ukukhanya ku-YBa2Cu3O6.96 (YBCO) ceramic phakathi kuka-50 no-300 K (Tc ~ 90 K). Sibonisa ukuthi umphumela we-PV uhlobene ngokuqondile ne-superconductivity ye-YBCO kanye nemvelo ye-YBCO-metallic electrode interface. Kukhona ukuguqulwa kwe-polarity ku-voltage yesekethe evulekile ye-Voc kanye nesekethe emfishane ye-Isc yamanje lapho i-YBCO idlula esigabeni se-superconducting ukuya esimweni sokumelana. Kuhlongozwa ukuthi kube namandla kagesi kuyo yonke i-superconductor-normal metal interface, ehlinzeka ngamandla okuhlukanisa amapheya embobo ye-electron eyenziwe isithombe. Lokhu okunamandla okusebenza kuqondisa ukusuka ku-YBCO kuya ku-electrode yensimbi lapho i-YBCO yenza i-superconducting futhi ishintshela kolunye uhlangothi lapho isampula iba i-nonsuperconducting. Imvelaphi yamandla ingase ihlotshaniswe ngokwemvelo nomthelela wokusondela14,15,16,17 kusixhumi esibonakalayo se-metal-superconductor lapho i-YBCO yenza i-superconducting futhi inani layo lilinganiselwa ku-~10−8 mV ku-50 K nge-laser intensity engu-502 mW. /cm2. Inhlanganisela yento yohlobo lwe-p i-YBCO esimeni esijwayelekile ngezinto zohlobo lwe-n Ag-paste amafomu, okungenzeka kakhulu, i-quasi-pn junction enesibopho sokuziphatha kwe-PV yezitsha zobumba ze-YBCO emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Esikubonile kusikhanyisela okwengeziwe ngomsuka womphumela we-PV kumazinga okushisa aphezulu e-YBCO ceramics futhi kuvula indlela yokusetshenziswa kwawo kumadivayisi e-optoelectronic afana nomtshina wokukhanya osheshayo njll.
Umfanekiso 1a–c ubonisa ukuthi izici ze-IV zesampula ye-YBCO ye-ceramic ku-50 K. Ngaphandle kokukhanya okukhanyayo, i-voltage kuyo yonke isampula ihlala ikuziro ngokushintsha kwamanje, njengoba kungalindelwa kokubalulekile kwe-superconducting. Umphumela osobala we-photovoltaic uvela lapho i-laser beam iqondiswe ku-cathode (Fig. 1a): amajika e-IV ahambisana ne-axis ye-I aya phansi ngokunyuka kwamandla e-laser. Kusobala ukuthi kukhona i-voltage ebangelwa isithombe engalungile ngisho nangaphandle kwamanje (okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-open circuit voltage Voc). Umthambeka onguziro wejika le-IV ukhombisa ukuthi isampula lisasebenza kakhulu ngaphansi kokukhanya kwe-laser.
(a–c) kanye no-300 K (e–g). Amanani e-V(I) atholwe ngokushanela amandla amanje ukusuka ku-−10 mA ukuya ku-+10 mA ku-vacuum. Ingxenye kuphela yedatha yokuhlola ethulwa ngenjongo yokucaca. a, Izici zamanje ze-voltage ye-YBCO zikalwa ngendawo ye-laser ebekwe ku-cathode (i). Wonke amajika e-IV ayimigqa eqondile evundlile ekhombisa ukuthi isampula lisasebenza kakhulu nge-laser irradiation. Ijika lehla ngomfutho we-laser okhulayo, okubonisa ukuthi kukhona amandla angemahle (i-Voc) phakathi kwamaleveli amabili kagesi ngisho nangoziro wamanje. Amajika e-IV ahlala engashintshile uma i-laser iqondiswe phakathi nendawo yesampula ku-ether 50 K (b) noma 300 K (f). Umugqa ovundlile uya phezulu njengoba i-anode ikhanyiswa (c). Imodeli eyisikimu ye-metal-superconductor junction ku-50 K iboniswa ku-d. Izici zamanje ze-voltage yesimo esivamile se-YBCO kokuthi 300 K ikalwa nge-laser beam ekhonjwe ku-cathode ne-anode inikezwa ngo-e no-g ngokulandelanayo. Ngokuphambene nemiphumela ku-50 K, ukuthambeka okungewona uziro wemigqa eqondile kubonisa ukuthi i-YBCO isesimweni esivamile; amanani e-Voc ayahluka ngokuqina kokukhanya ohlangothini oluphambene, okubonisa indlela ehlukile yokuhlukanisa ukushaja. Isakhiwo esibonakalayo esingaba ngu-300 K siboniswe ku-hj Isithombe sangempela sesampula esinomkhondo.
I-YBCO enothe nge-oksijini esesimweni sokwenza kahle kakhulu ingakwazi ukumunca cishe ukukhanya okugcwele kwelanga ngenxa yegebe layo lamandla elincane kakhulu (Isibonelo)9,10, ngaleyo ndlela idale amapheya e-electron-hole (e–h). Ukukhiqiza i-voltage yesekethe evulekile i-Voc ngokumuncwa ama-photon, kuyadingeka ukwehlukanisa ngendawo amapheya e-eh akhiqizwe yizithombe ngaphambi kokuthi kuhlanganiswe kabusha18. I-Voc engeyinhle, ehlobene ne-cathode ne-anode njengoba kukhonjisiwe ku-Fig. 1i, iphakamisa ukuthi kukhona amandla kagesi kuyo yonke i-metal-superconductor interface, eshanela ama-electron aye ku-anode nezimbobo ku-cathode. Uma kunjalo, kufanele futhi kube khona ukukhomba okungaba khona kusuka ku-superconductor kuya ku-electrode yensimbi ku-anode. Ngenxa yalokho, i-Voc enhle izotholakala uma indawo yesampula eduze ne-anode ikhanyisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akumele kube nama-voltage enziwe isithombe lapho indawo ye-laser ikhonjwa ezindaweni ezikude nama-electrode. Impela kunjalo njengoba kungabonwa kumfanekiso 1b,c!.
Lapho indawo yokukhanya ihamba isuka ku-cathode electrode iye enkabeni yesampula (cishe ngo-1.25 mm ngokwehlukana kwezindawo zokusebenzelana), akukho ukuhluka kwamajika e-IV futhi akukho i-Voc engabonwa ngokwanda kokuqina kwe-laser kuya enanini eliphezulu elitholakalayo (Fig. 1b) . Ngokwemvelo, lo mphumela ungabalelwa ekuphileni okulinganiselwe kwezinkampani zenethiwekhi ezibangelwa isithombe kanye nokuntuleka kwamandla okuhlukanisa kusampula. Amapheya embobo ye-electron angadalwa noma nini lapho isampula likhanyiswa, kodwa iningi lamapheya e-e–h azoshabalala futhi awukho umphumela we-photovoltaic obonwayo uma indawo ye-laser iwela ezindaweni ezikude nanoma imaphi ama-electrode. Ihambisa indawo ye-laser kuma-anode electrode, amajika e-IV ahambisana ne-axis ye-I aya phezulu ngokuqina kwe-laser okukhulayo (Fig. 1c). Inkambu efanayo kagesi eyakhelwe ngaphakathi ikhona ku-metal-superconductor junction ku-anode. Nokho, i-metallic electrode ixhuma ekuholeni okuhle kwesistimu yokuhlola kulokhu. Izimbobo ezikhiqizwe i-laser ziphushelwa ekuholeni kwe-anode futhi ngaleyo ndlela i-Voc enhle iyabonwa. Imiphumela evezwe lapha inikeza ubufakazi obuqinile bokuthi kukhona ngempela isixhumi esibonakalayo esingase sikhomba kusuka ku-superconductor kuya ku-electrode yensimbi.
Umphumela we-Photovoltaic ku-YBa2Cu3O6.96 ceramics ku-300 K uboniswa ku-Fig. 1e–g. Ngaphandle kokukhanya okukhanyayo, ijika le-IV lesampula liwumugqa oqondile oweqa umsuka. Lo mugqa oqondile ukhuphukela phezulu ngokuhambisana nowokuqala ngokukhula kwe-laser intensity irradiating kuma-cathode lead (Fig. 1e). Kunezimo ezimbili ezikhawulelayo zentshisekelo yedivayisi ye-photovoltaic. Isimo se-short-circuit senzeka uma i-V = 0. I-current kuleli cala ibizwa ngokuthi i-short circuit current (Isc). Ikesi lesibili elikhawulelayo isimo se-open-circuit (Voc) esenzeka lapho u-R→∞ noma eyamanje inguziro. Umfanekiso we-1e ubonisa ngokucacile ukuthi i-Voc inhle futhi iyanda ngokukhula kokukhanya kokukhanya, ngokungafani nomphumela otholwe ku-50 K; kuyilapho i-Isc engeyinhle ibonwa ngokukhula ngobukhulu ngokukhanya okukhanyayo, ukuziphatha okuvamile kwamaseli elanga avamile.
Ngokufanayo, lapho i-laser beam ikhombe ezindaweni ezikude nama-electrode, ijika le-V (I) lizimele ngaphandle kokuqina kwe-laser futhi akukho mphumela we-photovoltaic ovele (Fig. 1f). Ngokufanayo nesilinganiso ku-50 K, amajika e-IV ahamba aye kolunye uhlangothi njengoba i-anode electrode i-irradiated (Fig. 1g). Yonke le miphumela etholwe yale sistimu yokunamathisela ye-YBCO-Ag kokuthi 300 K ene-laser elayishwe ezindaweni ezihlukene zesampula ihambisana namandla okusebenzisa isixhumi esibonakalayo aphambene nalokho okubonwa ku-50 K.
Iningi lama-electron ajiya ngamapheya e-Cooper ku-YBCO ene-superconducting ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa lokushintsha Tc. Ngenkathi eku-electrode yensimbi, wonke ama-electron ahlala esesimweni sobunye. Kukhona ukuminyana okukhulu kwegradient yawo womabili ama-electron ebunyeni namapheya e-Cooper eduze kwesixhumi esibonakalayo se-metal-superconductor. Ama-electron amaningi enkampani eyodwa ethwala izinto zensimbi azosakazeka endaweni ye-superconductor, kuyilapho amapheya amaningi e-Cooper-carrier esifundeni se-YBCO azosakazekela esifundeni sensimbi. Njengoba amapheya e-Cooper ethwala amashaji amaningi futhi enokunyakaza okukhudlwana kunama-electron eyedwa asakazwa esuka ku-YBCO aye endaweni yensimbi, ama-athomu ane-positively charges asala ngemuva, okuholela endaweni kagesi endaweni yokushaja isikhala. Isiqondiso sale nsimu kagesi siboniswa kumdwebo we-schematic Fig. 1d. Ukukhanya kwesithombe sesigameko eduze nendawo yokushaja isikhala kungadala amapheya e-eh azohlukaniswa futhi ashanelwe akhiphe i-photocurrent esiqondisweni sokuhlehla. Lapho nje ama-electron ephuma endaweni kagesi eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, ayafingqwa abe ngamapheya futhi ageleze aye kwenye i-electrode ngaphandle kokumelana. Kulokhu, i-Voc iphambene ne-polarity esethiwe ngaphambili futhi ibonisa inani elingalungile lapho i-laser beam ikhomba endaweni ezungeze i-electrode eyinegethivu. Kusukela enanini le-Voc, amandla kuyo yonke i-interface angalinganiselwa: ibanga eliphakathi kwamaleveli amabili kagesi angu-d ngu-~5 × 10−3 m, ukushuba kwesixhumi esibonakalayo sensimbi-i-superconductor, di, kufanele kube ukuhleleka okufanayo kobukhulu. njengobude bokuhambisana be-YBCO superconductor (~1 nm)19,20, thatha inani le-Voc = 0.03 mV, i-Vms engaba khona ku- isixhumi esibonakalayo se-metal-superconductor silinganiselwa ukuthi sibe ~10−11 V ku-50 K nge-laser intensity engu-502 mW/cm2, kusetshenziswa isibalo,
Sifuna ukugcizelela lapha ukuthi i-voltage eyenziwe ngesithombe ayikwazi ukuchazwa ngomphumela wokushisa wesithombe. Kuye kwatholakala ngokuhlolwa ukuthi i-coefficient ye-Seebeck ye-superconductor YBCO ingu-Ss = 021. I-coefficient ye-Seebeck yezintambo eziholayo zethusi ikububanzi be-SCu = 0.34–1.15 μV/K3. Izinga lokushisa locingo lwethusi endaweni ye-laser lingakhushulwa ngenani elincane elingu-0.06 K nge-laser intensity ephezulu etholakala ku-50 K. Lokhu kungase kukhiqize amandla kagesi ashisayo angu-6.9 × 10−8 V okungama-oda amathathu amancane kunobukhulu i-Voc etholwe ku-Fig 1 (a). Kusobala ukuthi umphumela we-thermoelectric mncane kakhulu ukuchaza imiphumela yokuhlola. Eqinisweni, ukuhluka kwezinga lokushisa ngenxa ye-laser irradiation kuzonyamalala ngaphansi komzuzu owodwa ukuze umnikelo ovela kumphumela oshisayo unganakwa ngokuphephile.
Lo mphumela we-photovoltaic we-YBCO kuzinga lokushisa legumbi uveza ukuthi indlela ehlukile yokuhlukanisa inkokhelo iyabandakanyeka lapha. I-Superconducting YBCO esimweni esivamile iwuhlobo lwe-p olunezinto ezimbobo njengesithwali sokushaja22,23, kuyilapho i-ag-paste eyinsimbi inezici zento yohlobo lwe-n. Ngokufanayo nama-pn junctions, ukusakazeka kwama-electron kunamathisela esiliva nezimbobo ku-YBCO ceramic kuzokwakha inkambu kagesi yangaphakathi ekhomba i-YBCO ceramic kusixhumi esibonakalayo (Fig. 1h). Yile nkambu yangaphakathi enikeza amandla okuhlukanisa futhi iholela ku-Voc enhle ne-Isc engalungile yesistimu yokunamathisela ye-YBCO-Ag ekamelweni lokushisa, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 1e. Kungenjalo, i-Ag-YBCO ingase yakhe ukuhlangana kohlobo lwe-p lwe-Schottky okuphinde kuholele emandleni esixhumi esibonakalayo esine-polarity efanayo njengakumodeli ethulwe ngenhla24.
Ukuze uphenye inqubo enemininingwane yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yezakhiwo ze-photovoltaic ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa kwe-superconducting ye-YBCO, amajika e-IV wesampula ku-80 K alinganiswa ngezinga le-laser elikhethiwe elikhanyisa ku-cathode electrode (Fig. 2). Ngaphandle kwe-laser irradiation, i-voltage kuyo yonke isampula igcina kuziro kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yamanje, ikhombisa isimo se-superconducting sesampula ku-80 K (Fig. 2a). Ngokufanayo nedatha etholwe ku-50 K, amajika e-IV ahambisana ne-axis ye-I aya phansi ngokuqina kwe-laser okwandayo kuze kufinyelelwe inani elibalulekile le-Pc. Ngaphezulu kwalokhu kuqina kwe-laser okubucayi (i-Pc), i-superconductor idlula uguquko kusuka esigabeni se-superconducting kuya esigabeni sokumelana; i-voltage iqala ukwanda njengamanje ngenxa yokubonakala kokumelana ku-superconductor. Ngenxa yalokho, ijika le-IV liqala ukuphambana ne-axis ye-I kanye ne-V eholela ku-Voc engeyinhle kanye ne-Isc ephozithivu ekuqaleni. Manje isampula ibonakala isesimweni esikhethekile lapho i-polarity ye-Voc ne-Isc izwela kakhulu kubukhulu bokukhanya; ngokunyuka okuncane kakhulu kokuqina kokukhanya i-Isc iguqulwa isuka kokuhle iye kokubi futhi i-Voc isuka ku-negative iye kunani elihle, idlule imvelaphi (ukuzwela okuphezulu kwezakhiwo ze-photovoltaic, ikakhulukazi inani le-Isc, ekukhanyeni okukhanyayo kungabonakala ngokucacile ku-Fig. 2b). Ngokuqina kwe-laser okuphezulu kakhulu okutholakalayo, amajika e-IV ahlose ukufana namanye, okubonisa isimo esivamile sesampula ye-YBCO.
Isikhungo sendawo ye-laser sibekwe eduze kwama-electrode e-cathode (bheka umfanekiso 1i). a, IV amajika e-YBCO afakwe imisebe ye-laser ehlukile. b (phezulu), Ukuncika kwe-Laser amandla kagesi wesekethe evulekile i-Voc kanye nesekethe emfishane yamanje i-Isc. Amanani e-Isc awakwazi ukutholwa ngokuqina kokukhanya okuphansi (<110 mW/cm2) ngenxa yokuthi amajika e-IV ahambisana ne-axis ye-I uma isampuli isesimweni se-superconducting. b (phansi), ukumelana nomehluko njengomsebenzi we-laser intensity.
Ukuncika kwe-laser intensity ye-Voc ne-Isc ku-80 K kuboniswa ku-Fig. 2b (phezulu). Izakhiwo ze-photovoltaic zingaxoxwa ezifundeni ezintathu zokukhanya kokukhanya. Isifunda sokuqala siphakathi kuka-0 kanye ne-Pc, lapho i-YBCO yenza i-superconducting, i-Voc inegethivu futhi yehla (inani eliphelele liyakhuphuka) ngamandla okukhanya futhi lifinyelele ubuncane ku-Pc. Isifunda sesibili sisuka ku-Pc siye kwesinye umfutho obalulekile we-P0, lapho i-Voc ikhuphuka kuyilapho i-Isc yehla ngokuqina kokukhanya futhi kokubili kufinyelela ku-zero ku-P0. Isifunda sesithathu singaphezu kuka-P0 kuze kufinyelelwe esimweni esivamile se-YBCO. Nakuba kokubili i-Voc ne-Isc zihluka ngokuqina kokukhanya ngendlela efanayo nasendaweni yesi-2, zine-polarity ephambene ngenhla kokuqina okubalulekile okungu-P0. Ukubaluleka kwe-P0 kulele ekutheni awukho umphumela we-photovoltaic futhi indlela yokuhlukanisa inkokhelo ishintsha ngendlela efanele kuleli phuzu elithile. Isampula ye-YBCO iba yi-non-perconducting kulobu bubanzi bokuqina kokukhanya kodwa isimo esijwayelekile esingakafinyelelwa.
Ngokusobala, izici ze-photovoltaic zesistimu zihlobene eduze ne-superconductivity ye-YBCO kanye nokuguqulwa kwayo kwe-superconducting. Ukumelana nokuhluka, i-dV/dI, ye-YBCO kuboniswa ku-Fig. 2b (phansi) njengomsebenzi we-laser intensity. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, amandla kagesi owakhelwe ngaphakathi kusixhumi esibonakalayo ngenxa yamaphuzu okusabalalisa amapheya e-Cooper ukusuka ku-superconductor kuya ensimbi. Ngokufanayo nalokho okuphawulwe ku-50 K, umphumela we-photovoltaic uthuthukiswa ngokukhula kwe-laser intensity ukusuka ku-0 kuye ku-Pc. Uma ukuqina kwe-laser kufinyelela inani elingaphezudlwana kwe-Pc, ijika le-IV liqala ukutsheka futhi ukumelana kwesampula kuqala ukubonakala, kodwa ukugqama kwamandla esixhumi esibonakalayo awakashintshiwe okwamanje. Umphumela we-optical excitation ku-superconductivity uphenywe endaweni ebonakalayo noma eseduze ne-IR. Nakuba inqubo eyisisekelo iwukuhlakaza amapheya e-Cooper futhi acekele phansi i-superconductivity25,26, kwezinye izimo uguquko lwe-superconductivity lungathuthukiswa27,28,29, izigaba ezintsha ze-superconductivity zingancishiswa30. Ukungabi bikho kwe-superconductivity ku-Pc kungabalwa ekuqhekekeni okubangelwa isithombe. Ephuzwini elingu-P0, amandla kuyo yonke i-interface eba nguziro, okubonisa ukuminyana kokushaja ezinhlangothini zombili zesixhumi esibonakalayo kufinyelela ezingeni elifanayo ngaphansi kwalokhu kushuba okuthile kokukhanya. Ukwanda okwengeziwe kokuqina kwe-laser kubangela ukuthi amapheya e-Cooper amaningi abhujiswe futhi i-YBCO kancane kancane iguqulwa ibuyiselwe ohlotsheni lwe-p. Esikhundleni sokuhlukaniswa kwe-electron kanye ne-Cooper pair, isici sokusebenzelana manje sinqunywa i-electron kanye nokusabalalisa kwembobo okuholela ekuguqulweni kwe-polarity yenkambu kagesi kusixhumi esibonakalayo futhi ngenxa yalokho kube i-Voc enhle (qhathanisa ne-Fig.1d,h). Ngomfutho we-laser ophakeme kakhulu, ukumelana nomehluko kwe-YBCO kugcwala kunani elihambisana nesimo esijwayelekile futhi kokubili i-Voc ne-Isc kuvame ukuhluka ngokuhambisana nokuqina kwe-laser (Fig. 2b). Lokhu kuqaphela kuveza ukuthi ukukhanya kwelaser kusimo esijwayelekile i-YBCO ngeke kusashintsha ukumelana kwayo kanye nesici sokusebenzelana kwensimbi ye-superconductor kodwa kwandise kuphela ukugxila kwamapheya embobo ye-electron.
Ukuze uphenye umphumela wokushisa ezicini ze-photovoltaic, isistimu ye-metal-superconductor yakhanyiswa ku-cathode nge-laser eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yokuqina kwe-502 mW / cm2. Amajika e-IV atholakala emazingeni okushisa akhethiwe phakathi kuka-50 no-300 K anikezwe ku-Fig. 3a. I-voltage yesifunda evulekile i-Voc, i-short circuit current i-Isc kanye nokumelana nokwahlukana kungatholakala kulawa majika e-IV futhi kuboniswe ku-Fig. 3b. Ngaphandle kokukhanya kokukhanya, wonke amajika e-IV akalwa emazingeni okushisa ahlukene adlula umsuka njengoba kulindelekile (inset of Fig. 3a). Izici ze-IV zishintsha kakhulu ngezinga lokushisa elikhuphukayo lapho isistimu ikhanyiswa i-laser beam eqinile ngokuqhathaniswa (502 mW/cm2). Emazingeni okushisa aphansi amajika e-IV ayimigqa eqondile ehambisana ne-I-eksisi enamanani angemahle we-Voc. Leli jika liya phezulu ngezinga lokushisa elikhulayo futhi kancane kancane liphenduka libe umugqa onothambeka ongekho ezingeni lokushisa elibucayi i-Tcp (Fig. 3a (phezulu)). Kubonakala sengathi wonke amajika esici se-IV azungeza iphuzu kuquadrant yesithathu. I-Voc ikhuphuka isuka kunani eyinegethivu iye kweyiphozithivu kuyilapho i-Isc yehla isuka kunani eyiphozithivu iye kunani eyinegethivu. Ngenhla kwezinga lokushisa lokuqala lokuguquka kwe-superconducting Tc ye-YBCO, ijika le-IV liyashintsha ngokuhlukile ngezinga lokushisa (phansi kwe-Fig. 3a). Okokuqala, isikhungo sokuzungeza samajika e-IV sithuthela ku-quadrant yokuqala. Okwesibili, i-Voc ilokhu iyancipha futhi i-Isc ikhula ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa (phezulu kwe-Fig. 3b). Okwesithathu, i-slope yamajika e-IV ikhuphuka ngokuhambisana nezinga lokushisa okuholela ku-coefficient yezinga lokushisa elihle lokumelana ne-YBCO (phansi kwe-Fig. 3b).
Ukuncika kwezinga lokushisa kwezici ze-photovoltaic zesistimu yokunamathisela ye-YBCO-Ag ngaphansi kokukhanya kwe-laser okungu-502 mW/cm2.
Isikhungo sendawo ye-laser sibekwe eduze kwama-electrode e-cathode (bheka umfanekiso 1i). a, IV amajika atholwe kusuka ku-50 kuya ku-90 K (phezulu) futhi kusukela ku-100 kuya ku-300 K (phansi) ngokunyuka kwezinga lokushisa kuka-5 K no-20 K, ngokulandelana. Isetha a ikhombisa izici ze-IV emazingeni okushisa ambalwa ebumnyameni. Wonke amajika awela iphoyinti lokuqala. b, i-voltage yesekethe evulekile i-Voc kanye nesekethe emfishane yamanje i-Isc (phezulu) kanye nokumelana nomehluko, i-dV/dI, ye-YBCO (phansi) njengomsebenzi wezinga lokushisa. I-zero resistance superconducting transition temperature ayinikezwa ngoba isondele kakhulu ku-Tc0.
Amazinga okushisa amathathu abalulekile angabonwa ku-Fig. 3b: Tcp, ngaphezulu lapho i-YBCO iba i-non-superconducting; I-Tc0, lapho kokubili i-Voc ne-Isc iba yiziro kanye ne-Tc, izinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwe-superconducting langempela le-YBCO ngaphandle kwemisebe ye-laser. Ngezansi kwe-Tcp ~ 55 K, i-laser irradiated YBCO isesimweni se-superconducting enokugxilisana okuphezulu kwamapheya e-Cooper. Umthelela we-laser irradiation ukunciphisa izinga lokushisa lokuguqulwa kwe-zero ukumelana ne-superconducting kusuka ku-89 K kuya ku-55 K (phansi kwe-Fig. 3b) ngokunciphisa ukuhlushwa kwe-Cooper pair ngaphezu kokukhiqiza i-photovoltaic voltage kanye yamanje. Ukwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa kuphinde kwephule amapheya e-Cooper okuholela ekubeni namandla aphansi kusixhumi esibonakalayo. Ngenxa yalokho, inani eliphelele le-Voc lizoba lincane, nakuba kusetshenziswa ukuqina okufanayo kokukhanya kwe-laser. Amandla esixhumi esibonakalayo azoba mancane futhi abe mancane ngokwenyuka okwengeziwe kwezinga lokushisa futhi afinyelele kuqanda ku-Tc0. Awukho umphumela we-photovoltaic kuleli phuzu elikhethekile ngoba ayikho inkambu yangaphakathi yokuhlukanisa amapheya e-electron-hole eyenziwe ngesithombe. Ukuguqulwa kwe-polarity kwamandla kwenzeka ngaphezu kwalokhu kushisa okubalulekile njengoba ukuminyana kweshajiji yamahhala ku-Ag kunamathisele kukhulu kunaleyo eku-YBCO edluliselwa kancane kancane ibuyiselwe ohlotsheni lwe-p. Lapha sifuna ukugcizelela ukuthi ukuhlehliswa kwe-polarity kwe-Voc ne-Isc kwenzeka ngokushesha ngemva koguquko lwe-superconducting ukumelana ne-zero, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyini imbangela yoshintsho. Lokhu kubuka kuveza ngokucacile, ngokokuqala ngqá, ukuhlobana phakathi kwe-superconductivity kanye nemiphumela ye-photovoltaic ehlotshaniswa namandla okusebenza kwe-metal-superconductor. Imvelo yaleli khono kuyo yonke i-superconductor-normal metal interface ibilokhu igxile ocwaningweni emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule kodwa miningi imibuzo esalinde ukuphendulwa. Ukulinganisa umphumela we-photovoltaic kungase kubonakale kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokuhlola imininingwane (njengamandla ayo kanye ne-polarity njll.) yaleli khono elibalulekile futhi ngaleyo ndlela likhanyise umphumela wokusondelana kwe-superconducting ephezulu.
Ukwenyuka okwengeziwe kwezinga lokushisa ukusuka ku-Tc0 ukuya ku-Tc kuholela ekugxiliseni okuncane kwamapheya e-Cooper kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla esixhumi esibonakalayo futhi ngenxa yalokho i-Voc ibe nkulu. E-Tc i-Cooper pair concentration iba uziro futhi amandla okwakhela kusixhumi esibonakalayo afinyelela umkhawulo, okuholela ku-Voc ephezulu kanye ne-Isc encane. Ukwanda okusheshayo kwe-Voc ne-Isc (inani eliphelele) kulolu banga lokushisa lihambisana noshintsho lwe-superconducting olunwetshwa kusukela ku-ΔT ~ 3 K kuya ku-~34 K nge-laser irradiation of intensity 502 mW/cm2 (Fig. 3b). Ezimweni ezivamile ezingenhla kwe-Tc, i-voltage yesifunda evulekile i-Voc iyancipha ngezinga lokushisa (phezulu kwe-Fig. 3b), efana nokuziphatha okuqondile kwe-Voc kumaseli ajwayelekile elanga asekelwe ku-pn junctions31,32,33. Nakuba izinga lokushintsha le-Voc ngezinga lokushisa (−dVoc/dT), elincike kakhulu ku-laser intensity, lincane kakhulu kunalelo lamaseli elanga avamile, i-coefficient yezinga lokushisa le-Voc ye-YBCO-Ag junction inokuhleleka okufanayo kobukhulu njengalokho. amaseli elanga. Ukuvuza kwamanje kwe-pn junction yedivayisi yeselula evamile yelanga ikhuphuka ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa, okuholela ekwehleni kwe-Voc njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka. Amajika angumugqa we-IV aqashelwe lolu hlelo lwe-Ag-superconductor, ngenxa yokuqala yamandla amancane kakhulu esixhumi esibonakalayo futhi okwesibili ukuxhumana okusuka emuva kuya emuva kwama-heterojunctions amabili, kwenza kube nzima ukunquma ukuvuza kwamanje. Noma kunjalo, kuthungatha amathuba okuthi izinga lokushisa elifanayo lokuncika kokuvuza kwamanje linesibopho sokuziphatha kwe-Voc okuphawulwe ekuhlolweni kwethu. Ngokwencazelo, i-Isc ingeyamanje edingekayo ukukhiqiza i-voltage engalungile ukunxephezela i-Voc ukuze ingqikithi yamandla kagesi ibe nguziro. Njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, i-Voc iba yincane ukuze kutholakale amandla amancane ukukhiqiza i-voltage engalungile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumelana kwe-YBCO kukhula ngokuhambisana nezinga lokushisa elingaphezu kwe-Tc (phansi kwe-Fig. 3b), okubuye kube nomthelela enanini eliphelele elincane le-Isc emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
Qaphela ukuthi imiphumela enikezwe ku-Fig 2,3 itholakala nge-laser irradiation endaweni ezungeze ama-cathode electrode. Izilinganiso ziphinde zaphindwa ngendawo ye-laser ebekwe ku-anode futhi izici ezifanayo ze-IV nezici ze-photovoltaic ziye zabonwa ngaphandle kokuthi i-polarity ye-Voc ne-Isc ibuyiselwe emuva kuleli cala. Yonke le datha iholela kumshini womphumela we-photovoltaic, ohlobene eduze ne-superconductor-metal interface.
Kafushane, izici ze-IV zesistimu yokunamathisela ye-laser irradiated superconducting YBCO-Ag ikalwe njengemisebenzi yezinga lokushisa kanye nokuqina kwe-laser. Umphumela we-photovoltaic ophawulekayo ubonwe ebangeni lokushisa kusuka ku-50 kuya ku-300 K. Kutholakala ukuthi izakhiwo ze-photovoltaic zihlobana kakhulu ne-superconductivity ye-YBCO ceramics. Ukuguqulwa kwe-polarity kwe-Voc ne-Isc kwenzeka ngokushesha ngemva kwe-superconducting eyenziwe ngesithombe ukuya kuguquko olungeyona eye-superconducting. Ukuncika kwezinga lokushisa kwe-Voc ne-Isc kukalwa ngokuqina kwe-laser okugxilile kubonisa futhi ukuhlehla okuhlukile kwe-polarity ezingeni lokushisa elibucayi ngaphezu kwalokho isampula likwazi ukumelana nayo. Ngokubeka indawo ye-laser engxenyeni ehlukile yesampula, sibonisa ukuthi akhona amandla kagesi kuyo yonke i-interface, ahlinzeka ngamandla okuhlukanisa amapheya embobo ye-electron eyenziwe isithombe. Lokhu okunamandla okusebenza kuqondisa ukusuka ku-YBCO kuya ku-electrode yensimbi lapho i-YBCO yenza i-superconducting futhi ishintshela kolunye uhlangothi lapho isampula iba i-nonsuperconducting. Imvelaphi yamandla ingase ihlotshaniswe ngokwemvelo nomthelela wokusondela kusixhumi esibonakalayo se-metal-superconductor lapho i-YBCO yenza i-superconducting futhi ilinganiselwa ku-~10−8 mV ku-50 K nge-laser intensity engu-502 mW/cm2. Ukuthintana kwento yohlobo lwe-p i-YBCO esimeni esijwayelekile enohlobo lwe-n-into ethi Ag-paste yakha ukuhlangana kwe-quasi-pn okubophezelekile ekuziphatheni kwe-photovoltaic ye-YBCO ceramics emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Lokhu okuqashelwe ngenhla kunikeza ukukhanya kumphumela we-PV kumazinga okushisa aphezulu e-YBCO ceramics futhi kuvula indlela eya ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezintsha kumadivayisi we-optoelectronic afana nomtshina wokukhanya osheshayo kanye nomtshina we-photon owodwa.
Ukuhlolwa komthelela we-photovoltaic kwenziwe kusampula ye-YBCO ceramic yogqinsi ongu-0.52 mm kanye nomumo ongunxande ongu-8.64 × 2.26 mm2 futhi kwakhanyiswa i-wave-laser eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eqhubekayo (λ = 450 nm) enosayizi wendawo ye-laser ongu-1.25 mm engaba. Ukusebenzisa ubuningi kunesampula yefilimu encane kusenza sikwazi ukutadisha izakhiwo ze-photovoltaic ze-superconductor ngaphandle kokubhekana nomthelela oyinkimbinkimbi we-substrate6,7. Ngaphezu kwalokho, impahla eyinqwaba ingase ihambisane nenqubo yayo elula yokulungiselela kanye nezindleko eziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa. Izintambo zokuhola zethusi zihlanganiswe kusampula ye-YBCO nokunamathisela okusiliva okwakha ama-electrode ayindingilizi amane angaba ngu-1 mm ububanzi. Ibanga phakathi kwama-electrode amabili kagesi licishe libe ngu-5 mm. Izici ze-IV zesampula zikalwe kusetshenziswa isampuli ye-magnetometer yokudlidliza (i-VersaLab, i-Quantum Design) enewindi lekristalu le-quartz. Kusetshenziswe indlela evamile yezintambo ezine ukuze kutholwe amajika e-IV. Ukuma okuhlobene kwama-electrode nendawo ye-laser kuboniswe kumfanekiso 1i.
Sicaphuna kanjani lesi sihloko: Yang, F. et al. Umsuka womphumela we-photovoltaic ku-superconducting YBa2Cu3O6.96 ceramics. Isayensi. Rep. 5, 11504; doi: 10.1038/srep11504 (2015).
I-Chang, CL, Kleinhammes, A., Moulton, WG & Testardi, LR Symmetry-hidden laser-induced voltages ku-YBa2Cu3O7. Phys. Rev. B 41, 11564–11567 (1990).
I-Kwok, HS, Zheng, JP & Dong, SY Umsuka wesignali ye-photovoltaic engavamile ku-Y-Ba-Cu-O. Phys. Rev. B 43, 6270–6272 (1991).
I-Wang, LP, Lin, JL, Feng, QR & Wang, GW Ukukala kwama-voltage enziwe nge-laser we-superconducting Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O. Phys. Rev. B 46, 5773–5776 (1992).
Tate, KL, et al. Ama-voltage esikhashana enziwe nge-laser kumafilimu ezinga lokushisa legumbi we-YBa2Cu3O7-x . J. Appl. Phys. 67, 4375–4376 (1990).
Kwok, HS & Zheng, JP Anomalous photovoltaic impendulo ku-YBa2Cu3O7. Phys. Rev. B 46, 3692–3695 (1992).
I-Muraoka, Y., Muramatsu, T., Yamaura, J. & Hiroi, Z. Umjovo we-hole carrier owenziwe isithombe ku-YBa2Cu3O7−x ku-oxide heterostructure. Uhlelo lokusebenza. Phys. I-Lett. 85, 2950–2952 (2004).
Asakura, D. et al. Ucwaningo lwe-Photoemission lwamafilimu amancane e-YBa2Cu3Oy ngaphansi kokukhanya okukhanyayo. Phys. Umfundisi Lett. 93, 247006 (2004).
Yang, F. et al. Umthelela we-Photovoltaic we-YBa2Cu3O7-δ/SrTiO3 :I-Nb heterojunction exhunywe kungcindezi yengxenye ye-oxygen ehlukene. UMater. I-Lett. 130, 51–53 (2014).
Aminov, BA et al. Isakhiwo esinezikhala ezimbili ku-Yb(Y)Ba2Cu3O7-x amakristalu awodwa. J. Supercond. 7, 361–365 (1994).
I-Kabanov, VV, Demsar, J., Podobnik, B. & Mihailovic, D. I-Quasiparticle relaxation Dynamics kuma-superconductors anezakhiwo ezihlukene zegebe: Ithiyori nokuhlola ku-YBa2Cu3O7-δ. Phys. Rev. B 59, 1497–1506 (1999).
I-Sun, JR, Xiong, CM, Zhang, YZ & Shen, BG Ukulungisa izakhiwo ze-YBa2Cu3O7-δ/SrTiO3 :Nb heterojunction. Uhlelo lokusebenza. Phys. I-Lett. 87, 222501 (2005).
Kamarás, K., Porter, CD, Doss, MG, Herr, SL & Tanner, DB Excitonic absorption and superconductivity in YBa2Cu3O7-δ . Phys. Umfundisi Lett. 59, 919–922 (1987).
I-Yu, G., Heeger, AJ & Stucky, G. Transient photoinduced conductivity in semiconducting single crystals ye-YBa2Cu3O6.3: sesha isimo se-photoinduced metallic kanye ne-photoinduced superconductivity. I-Solid State Commun. 72, 345–349 (1989).
McMillan, imodeli ye-WL Tunneling ye-superconducting proximity effect. Phys. Rev. 175, 537–542 (1968).
Guéron, S. et al. Umphumela we-Superconducting proximity uphenywa esikalini sobude be-mesoscopic. Phys. Umfundisi Lett. 77, 3025–3028 (1996).
I-Annunziata, G. & Manske, D. Umphumela wokusondela onama-noncentrosymmetric superconductors. Phys. Umfundisi B 86, 17514 (2012).
Qu, FM et al. Umphumela onamandla we-superconducting proximity oqinile ezakhiweni ezixubile ze-Pb-Bi2Te3. Isayensi. Rep. 2, 339 (2012).
I-Chapin, DM, Fuller, CS & Pearson, GL I-photocell entsha ye-silicon pn junction yokuguqula imisebe yelanga ibe amandla kagesi. J. App. Phys. 25, 676–677 (1954).
I-Tomimoto, K. Imiphumela yokungcola kubude bokuhambisana kwe-superconducting ku-Zn- noma i-Ni-doped YBa2Cu3O6.9 yamakristalu eyodwa. Phys. Umfundisi B 60, 114–117 (1999).
I-Ando, Y. & Segawa, K. Magnetoresistance ye-Untwinned YBa2Cu3Oy ikristalu eyodwa ebangeni elibanzi le-doping: ukuncika okumangalisayo kwe-hole-doping kobude bokuhambisana. Phys. Umfundisi Lett. 88, 167005 (2002).
I-Obertelli, SD & Cooper, JR Systematics kumandla we-thermoelectric we-high-T, ama-oxides. Phys. Rev. B 46, 14928–14931, (1992).
Sugai, S. et al. Ukushintsha komfutho okuncike kunkampani yenethiwekhi yokuphakama okuhambisanayo kanye nemodi yephonon ye-LO ku-p-type high-Tc superconductors. Phys. Umfundisi B 68, 184504 (2003).
UNojima, T. et al. Ukuncishiswa kwezimbobo nokunqwabelana kwama-electron kumafilimu amancane e-YBa2Cu3Oy kusetshenziswa indlela ye-electrochemical: Ubufakazi besimo sensimbi sohlobo lwe-n. Phys. Umfundisi B 84, 020502 (2011).
Tung, RT I-physics kanye nekhemistri yokuphakama kwesithiyo se-Schottky. Uhlelo lokusebenza. Phys. I-Lett. 1, 011304 (2014).
Sai-Halasz, GA, Chi, CC, Denenstein, A. & Langenberg, DN Effects of Dynamic External Pair Breaking in Superconducting Films. Phys. Umfundisi Lett. 33, 215–219 (1974).
Nieva, G. et al. Ukuthuthukiswa okuthuthukisiwe kwe-superconductivity. Uhlelo lokusebenza. Phys. I-Lett. 60, 2159–2161 (1992).
Kudinov, VI et al. I-photoconductivity eqhubekayo kumafilimu e-YBa2Cu3O6+x njengendlela yokwenza izithombe ezibheke ezigabeni zensimbi neze-superconducting. Phys. Umfundisi B 14, 9017–9028 (1993).
UMankowsky, R. et al. I-nonlinear lattice dynamics njengesisekelo se-superconductivity ethuthukisiwe ku-YBa2Cu3O6.5. Imvelo 516, 71–74 (2014).
Fausti, D. et al. I-superconductivity eyenziwe ngokukhanya kukhabethe e-odwe ngomugqa. Isayensi 331, 189-191 (2011).
El-Adawi, MK & Al-Nuaim, IA Ukuncika kokusebenza kwezinga lokushisa kwe-VOC ngeseli yelanga ngokuhlobene nendlela yayo entsha esebenza kahle. I-Desalination 209, 91–96 (2007).
I-Vernon, i-SM & Anderson, imiphumela ye-WA Temperature kumaseli elanga elanga e-Schottky-barrier silicon. Uhlelo lokusebenza. Phys. I-Lett. 26, 707 (1975).
I-Katz, EA, Faiman, D. & Tuladhar, SM Ukuncika Kwezinga lokushisa kumapharamitha wedivayisi ye-photovoltaic yamaseli elanga e-polymer-fullerene ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza. J. Appl. Phys. 90, 5343–5350 (2002).
Lo msebenzi usekelwe yiNational Natural Science Foundation yaseChina (Isibonelelo No. 60571063), i-Fundamental Research Projects yesiFundazwe sase-Henan, e-China (Isibonelelo Nombolo 122300410231).
I-FY ibhale umbhalo wephepha futhi i-MYH yalungisa isampula ye-YBCO yobumba. I-FY kanye ne-MYH yenze ucwaningo futhi yahlaziya imiphumela. I-FGC ihole iphrojekthi kanye nokuchazwa kwesayensi kwedatha. Bonke ababhali babuyekeze umbhalo wesandla.
Lo msebenzi unikezwe ilayisense ngaphansi kwe-Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Izithombe noma ezinye izinto zenkampani yangaphandle kulesi sihloko zifakiwe kulayisense ye-athikili ye-Creative Commons, ngaphandle uma kuboniswe ngenye indlela emugqeni wesikweletu; uma okokusebenza kungafakiwe ngaphansi kwelayisensi ye-Creative Commons, abasebenzisi bazodinga ukuthola imvume kumnikazi welayisensi ukuze bakhiqize kabusha okokusebenza. Ukuze ubuke ikhophi yale layisensi, vakashela ku-http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
I-Yang, F., Han, M. & Chang, F. Umsuka womphumela we-photovoltaic ku-superconducting YBa2Cu3O6.96 ceramics. I-Sci Rep 5, 11504 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11504
Ngokuthumela amazwana uyavuma ukuthobela Imigomo yethu Nezinkombandlela Zomphakathi. Uma uthola okuthile okuhlukumezayo noma okungahambisani nemigomo noma izinkombandlela sicela umake njengokungalungile.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-22-2020