Inqubo yokukhiqiza i-graphite electrode

I-electrode ye-graphite iyinto ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu kwe-graphite conductive ekhiqizwa yi-petroleum knead, i-coke yenaliti njenge-aggregate kanye nebitumen yamalahle njenge-binder, ekhiqizwa ngochungechunge lwezinqubo ezinjengokuxova, ukubumba, ukuwosa, ukufakwa, i-graphitization kanye nokucutshungulwa komshini. impahla.

I-electrode ye-graphite iyinto ebalulekile yokushisa ephezulu yokushisa yokwenza insimbi kagesi. I-electrode ye-graphite isetshenziselwa ukufaka amandla kagesi esithandweni sikagesi, futhi izinga lokushisa eliphezulu elikhiqizwe i-arc phakathi kokuphela kwe-electrode kanye nokushaja kusetshenziswa njengomthombo wokushisa ukuze kuncibilike inkokhiso yokwenza insimbi. Amanye ama-ore ore ancibilikisa izinto ezifana ne-phosphorus ephuzi, i-silicon yezimboni, nama-abrasives nawo asebenzisa ama-electrode e-graphite njengezinto zokuqhuba. Izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu nezikhethekile zomzimba namakhemikhali zama-graphite electrode nazo zisetshenziswa kabanzi kweminye imikhakha yezimboni.
Izinto zokusetshenziswa zokukhiqiza ama-electrode e-graphite yi-petroleum coke, inaliti ye-coke kanye ne-coal tar pitch.

I-petroleum coke ingumkhiqizo oqinile ovuthayo otholakala ngokufaka izinsalela zamalahle kanye ne-petroleum pitch. Umbala umnyama futhi une-porous, isici esiyinhloko yikhabhoni, futhi okuqukethwe komlotha kuphansi kakhulu, ngokuvamile ngaphansi kuka-0.5%. I-petroleum coke ingeyesigaba se-carbon graphitized kalula. I-petroleum coke inezinhlobonhlobo zokusetshenziswa ezimbonini zamakhemikhali nezensimbi. Iwumthombo oyinhloko wokukhiqiza imikhiqizo ye-graphite yokwenziwa kanye nemikhiqizo ye-carbon ye-electrolytic aluminium.

I-petroleum coke ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili: i-coke eluhlaza kanye ne-coke e-calcined ngokusho kwezinga lokushisa lokushisa. I-coke yangaphambili ye-petroleum etholwe ngokubambezeleka kokupheka iqukethe inani elikhulu lama-volatiles, futhi amandla omshini aphansi. I-coke e-calcined itholakala ngokubalwa kwe-coke eluhlaza. Iningi lezindawo zokucwenga e-China zikhiqiza i-coke kuphela, futhi imisebenzi yokubala yenziwa kakhulu ezitshalweni zekhabhoni.

I-petroleum coke ingahlukaniswa nge-coke ephezulu yesibabule (equkethe ngaphezu kuka-1.5% isulfure), i-coke yesibabule esimaphakathi (equkethe u-0.5% -1.5% sulphur), kanye ne-coke yesulfure ephansi (equkethe ngaphansi kuka-0.5% isulfure). Ukukhiqizwa kwama-electrode e-graphite neminye imikhiqizo ye-graphite yokwenziwa ngokuvamile kukhiqizwa kusetshenziswa i-coke yesulfure ephansi.

I-needle coke iwuhlobo lwe-coke yekhwalithi ephezulu enokwakheka okusobala kwe-fibrous, i-coefficient ephansi kakhulu yokwandisa okushisayo kanye ne-graphitization elula. Uma i-coke iphukile, ingahlukaniswa ibe yimichilo emincane ngokuya ngokuthungwa (i-aspect ratio ngokuvamile ingaphezulu kuka-1.75). Isakhiwo se-anisotropic fibrous singabonwa ngaphansi kwe-microscope ehlukanisayo, ngakho-ke ibizwa ngokuthi i-coke yenaliti.

I-anisotropy yezakhiwo ze-physico-mechanical ye-needle coke isobala kakhulu. Ine-conductivity enhle kagesi neyokushisa ehambisana nesiqondiso se-eksisi ende yezinhlayiyana, futhi i-coefficient yokwanda okushisayo iphansi. Lapho i-extrusion ibunjwa, i-eksisi ende yezinhlayiya eziningi ihlelwe ngendlela ye-extrusion. Ngakho-ke, inaliti ye-coke iwukhiye wezinto ezingavuthiwe zokukhiqiza amandla aphezulu noma ama-electrode e-graphite aphezulu kakhulu. I-electrode ye-graphite ekhiqizwayo inokumelana okuphansi, i-coefficient encane yokwandisa ukushisa kanye nokumelana nokushaqeka okuhle kokushisa.

I-needle coke ihlukaniswe nge-coke yenaliti esekwe kuwoyela ekhiqizwe kuzinsalela ze-petroleum kanye ne-coke yenaliti esekwe emalahleni ekhiqizwe ngezinto zokusetshenziswa zamalahle ezicolisisiwe.

Itiyela lamalahle ngomunye wemikhiqizo eyinhloko yokucubungula okujulile kwetiyela lamalahle. Kuyingxube yama-hydrocarbon ahlukahlukene, amnyama ekushiseni okuphezulu, okuqinile kancane noma okuqinile ekushiseni okuphezulu, akukho ndawo encibilikayo engaguquki, ethambile ngemva kokushisa, bese iyancibilika, ngobuningi buka-1.25-1.35 g/cm3. Ngokwephuzu layo lokuthambisa, lihlukaniswe izinga lokushisa eliphansi, izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo kanye ne-asphalt yokushisa ephezulu. Izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo elikhiqiza itiyela lingama-54-56% wetiyela lamalahle. Ukwakheka kwetiyela yamalahle kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ehlobene nezakhiwo zetiyela yamalahle kanye nokuqukethwe kwama-heteroatoms, futhi kuthinteka ohlelweni lwenqubo yokupheka kanye nezimo zokucubungula itiyela yamalahle. Ziningi izinkomba zokubeka uphawu lwethayela lamalahle, njengephuzu lokuthambisa itiyela, i-toluene insolubles (TI), i-quinoline insolubles (QI), amanani e-coking, kanye ne-rheology ye-coal pitch rheology.

Itiyela lamalahle lisetshenziswa njengesibopho futhi lingakhuleli embonini yekhabhoni, futhi ukusebenza kwalo kunomthelela omkhulu enqubweni yokukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo wemikhiqizo yekhabhoni. I-binder asphalt ngokuvamile isebenzisa itiyela eguquliwe enezinga lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo noma izinga lokushisa eliphakathi elinendawo yokuthambisa emaphakathi, inani eliphezulu lokukhokhwa, kanye ne-β resin ephezulu. I-ejenti yokumithisa izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo elinephuzu eliphansi lokuthambisa, i-QI ephansi, kanye nezakhiwo ezinhle ze-rheological.

Isithombe esilandelayo sibonisa inqubo yokukhiqiza i-graphite electrode ebhizinisini le-carbon.
Ukubala: I-carbonaceous eluhlaza okokusebenza iphathwa ngokushisa okuphezulu ukuze kukhiphe umswakama kanye nendaba eguquguqukayo equkethwe lapho, futhi inqubo yokukhiqiza ehambisana nokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kokupheka koqobo ibizwa ngokuthi ukubala. Ngokuvamile, i-carbonaceous raw material ibalwa ngokusebenzisa igesi kanye nezivunguvungu zayo njengomthombo wokushisa, futhi izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lingu-1250-1350 °C.

Ukubala kwenza izinguquko ezijulile esakhiweni nasezicini ze-physicochemical zezinto zokusetshenziswa ze-carbonaceous, ikakhulukazi ekuthuthukiseni ukuminyana, amandla emishini kanye nokuhamba kukagesi kwe-coke, ukuthuthukisa ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali nokumelana ne-oxidation ye-coke, ukubeka isisekelo senqubo elandelayo. .

Izisetshenziswa ezibaliwe ikakhulukazi zihlanganisa ithangi calciner, i-rotary kiln kanye ne-electric calciner. Inkomba yokulawula ikhwalithi yokubala iwukuthi ukuminyana kweqiniso kwe-petroleum coke akukho ngaphansi kuka-2.07g/cm3, ukumelana nokumelana akungaphezu kuka-550μΩ.m, ukuminyana kweqiniso kwenaliti ye-coke akukho ngaphansi kuka-2.12g/cm3, futhi ukumelana no-500μΩ.m.
Ukuchotshozwa kwempahla eluhlaza kanye nezithako

Ngaphambi kokuhlanganisa, inqwaba ye-petroleum coke kanye nenaliti ye-coke kufanele igaywe, igaywe futhi ihlungwe.

Ukuchotshozwa okuphakathi kuvame ukwenziwa ngokugaya izinsimbi ezingaba ngu-50 mm ngokusebenzisa umshini wokugaya imihlathi, i-hammer crusher, i-roll crusher nokunye okufana nalokhu ukuze kuqhutshekwe kugxotshwe usayizi we-0.5-20 mm odingekayo ukuze uhlanganise.

Ukugaywa kuyinqubo yokugaya into ekhabhoni ibe yimpuphu encane engu-0.15 mm noma ngaphansi kanye nosayizi wezinhlayiyana ongu-0.075 mm noma ngaphansi kusetshenziswa umshini wokugaya indandatho ewuhlobo olumisiwe (Raymond mill), isigayo sebhola, noma okunye okunjalo. .

Ukuhlola kuyinqubo lapho izinto eziningi ezihlukene ngemva kokuchotshozwa zihlukaniswa zibe izinhlayiyana eziningana zosayizi wezinhlayiyana ezinobubanzi obuncane bosayizi ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge lwezisefo ezinokuvuleka okufanayo. Ukukhiqizwa kwamanje kwe-electrode ngokuvamile kudinga ama-pellets angu-4-5 kanye namamaki angu-1-2 we-powder.

Izithako ziyizinqubo zokukhiqiza zokubala, ukukala nokugxilisa izilinganiso ezihlukahlukene zama-aggregate nezimpushana nezibophezelo ngokuya ngezidingo zokwakheka. Ukufaneleka kwesayensi kokwakheka kanye nokuzinza kokusebenza kokuhlanganisa kuphakathi kwezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezithinta inkomba yekhwalithi nokusebenza komkhiqizo.

Ifomula idinga ukunquma izici ezi-5:
1Khetha uhlobo lwempahla eluhlaza;
2 nquma inani lezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto zokusetshenziswa;
3 ukunquma ukwakheka kosayizi wezinhlayiyana zezinto ezingavuthiwe eziqinile;
4 nquma inani le-binder;
5 Thola uhlobo nenani lezithasiselo.

Ukuxova: Ukuxuba nokulinganisa usayizi wezinhlayiyana ezihlukahlukene zezinhlayiyana nezimpushana ezinenani elithile le-binder ezingeni lokushisa elithile, nokuxova unamathisele owenziwe ngepulasitiki kube inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi ukuxova.

Inqubo yokuxova: ukuxuba okomile (20-35 min) ukuxuba okumanzi (40-55 min)

Indima yokuxova:
I-1 Uma ukuxuba okomile, izinto ezihlukahlukene zokusetshenziswa zixubene ngokufanayo, futhi izinto eziqinile ze-carbonaceous zobukhulu bezinhlayiya ezihlukene zixutshwe ngokulinganayo futhi zigcwaliswe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhlangana kwengxube;
2 Ngemva kokwengeza i-tiyela yamalahle, into eyomile netiyela kuhlanganiswa ngokulinganayo. I-asphalt ewuketshezi igqoka ngokufanayo futhi imanzise ingaphezulu lama-granules ukuze kwakheke ungqimba lwe-asphalt ebophayo, futhi zonke izinto ezisetshenziswayo ziboshelwe komunye nomunye ukuze zenze i-homogeneous plastic smear. Ivumela ukubumba;
Izingxenye ezi-3 zetiyela lamalahle zingena endaweni engaphakathi yento ekhabhoni, ziqhubeke nokukhulisa ukuminyana nokuhlangana kokunamathisela.

Ukubumba: Ukubunjwa kwe-carbon material kubhekisela enqubweni yokuguqula ngokwepulasitiki inhlama yekhabhoni ehlutshiwe ngaphansi kwamandla angaphandle asetshenziswa yimishini yokubumba ukuze ekugcineni kwakheke umzimba oluhlaza (noma umkhiqizo oluhlaza) onomumo othile, usayizi, ukuminyana namandla. inqubo.

Izinhlobo zokubumba, izinto zokusebenza nemikhiqizo ekhiqizwayo:
Indlela yokubumba
Imishini evamile
imikhiqizo main
Ukubumba
Ukucindezela kwe-hydraulic okuqondile
Ikhabhoni kagesi, i-graphite yesakhiwo esihle sezinga eliphansi
Khama
I-horizontal hydraulic extruder
Isikulufa i-extruder
I-electrode yegraphite, i-electrode yesikwele
Ukudlidliza ukubumba
Umshini wokubumba wokudlidliza
Isitini se-Aluminium carbon, i-blast furnace carbon brick
Ukucindezela kwe-Isostatic
Umshini wokubumba we-Isostatic
I-graphite ye-Isotropic, i-graphite ye-anisotropic

Cindezela ukusebenza
Izinto ezi-1 ezipholile: izinto zokupholisa i-disc, izinto zokupholisa isilinda, ukuxuba nokuxova izinto zokupholisa, njll.
Khipha ama-volatiles, unciphise izinga lokushisa elifanele (90-120 ° C) ukwandisa ukunamathela, ukuze ukuvinjelwa kokunamathisela kufane nemizuzu engu-20-30.
2 Iyalayisha: cindezela i-lift baffle —– izikhathi ezi-2-3 zokusika—-4-10MPa ukuhlanganisa
3 pre-pressure: ingcindezi 20-25MPa, isikhathi 3-5min, ngenkathi vacuum
4 extrusion: cindezela phansi i-baffle —5-15MPa extrusion — sika — kusinki wokupholisa

Imingcele yezobuchwepheshe ye-extrusion: isilinganiso sokucindezela, ikamelo lokucindezela kanye nezinga lokushisa le-nozzle, izinga lokushisa lokupholisa, isikhathi sengcindezi yokulayisha kuqala, ingcindezi ye-extrusion, isivinini sokukhipha, izinga lokushisa lokupholisa lamanzi.

Ukuhlolwa komzimba okuluhlaza: ukuminyana ngobuningi, ukuthepha ukubukeka, ukuhlaziya

Ukubala: Kuyinqubo lapho umzimba oluhlaza womkhiqizo wekhabhoni ugcwaliswa esithandweni sokushisisa esiklanywe ngokukhethekile ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kwesigcwali ukuze kwenziwe ukwelashwa kokushisa okunokushisa okuphezulu ukuze kufakwe ikhabhoni iphimbo lamalahle emzimbeni oluhlaza. I-bitumen coke eyakhiwe ngemva kwe-carbonization ye-bitumen yamalahle iqinisa i-carbonaceous aggregate kanye nezinhlayiya ze-powder ndawonye, ​​​​futhi umkhiqizo we-carbon calcined unamandla amakhulu omshini, ukumelana nogesi okuphansi, ukuzinza okuhle kokushisa kanye nokuzinza kwamakhemikhali. .

Ukubala kungenye yezinqubo eziyinhloko ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo ye-carbon, futhi kuyingxenye ebalulekile yezinqubo ezintathu ezinkulu zokwelashwa kokushisa kokukhiqizwa kwe-graphite electrode. Umjikelezo wokukhiqiza wokubala mude (izinsuku ezingu-22-30 zokubhaka, izinsuku ezingu-5-20 zezithando zokubhaka oku-2), kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuPhezulu. Izinga lokuthosa okuluhlaza linomthelela kwikhwalithi yomkhiqizo oqediwe kanye nezindleko zokukhiqiza.

I-pitch yamalahle eluhlaza emzimbeni oluhlaza ifakwe ngesikhathi sokugaya, futhi cishe i-10% yendaba eguquguqukayo ikhishwa, futhi ivolumu ikhiqizwa ngo-2-3% we-shrinkage, futhi ukulahlekelwa kwesisindo ku-8-10%. Izakhiwo ezingokomzimba nezamakhemikhali ze-carbon billet nazo zashintsha kakhulu. I-porosity yehla isuka ku-1.70 g/cm3 yaya ku-1.60 g/cm3 futhi ukumelana kwehle kusuka ku-10000 μΩ·m kuya ku-40-50 μΩ·m ngenxa yokwanda kwe-porosity. Amandla omshini we-billet calcined nawo ayemakhulu. Okokuthuthukisa.

Ukubhaka kwesibili kuyinqubo lapho umkhiqizo owenziwe nge-calcined ucwiliswa khona bese ubalwa ukuze wenze i-carbonize i-pitch ecwiliswe ezimbotsheni zomkhiqizo owenziwe calcined. Ama-electrode adinga ukuminyana kwenqwaba ephezulu (zonke izinhlobo ngaphandle kwe-RP) kanye nezikhala ezihlangene kudingeka ukuba zibhakwe, futhi izikhala ezihlangene nazo zingaphansi kwe-three-dip-four-bake noma i-2-dip three-bake.

Uhlobo oluyinhloko lwesithando somlilo:
Umsebenzi oqhubekayo---insimbi yomlilo (enesembozo, ngaphandle kwesembozo), ihhavini lomhubhe
Ukusebenza ngezikhathi ezithile—-uhhavini lokuhlehlisa, umshini wokubhaka ongaphansi, umshini wokubhaka amabhokisi

Ijika lokubala kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu:
Ukugazinga okukodwa—-320, 360, 422, 480 amahora, 1250 °C
Ukugazinga okwesibili—-125, 240, 280 amahora, 700-800 °C

Ukuhlolwa kwemikhiqizo ebhakiwe: ukuthepha ukubukeka, ukumelana nogesi, ukuminyana ngobuningi, amandla acindezelayo, ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo sangaphakathi

I-impregnation yinqubo lapho i-carbon material ifakwa emkhunjini wokucindezela futhi i-liquid impregnant pitch igxiliswa kuma-pores we-electrode yomkhiqizo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokushisa nezingcindezi. Inhloso ukunciphisa i-porosity yomkhiqizo, ukwandisa ukuminyana kwenqwaba namandla omshini womkhiqizo, futhi kuthuthukiswe ukuguquguquka kukagesi nokushisayo komkhiqizo.

Inqubo yokumilisela kanye nemingcele yezobuchwepheshe ehlobene yilena: i-billet yokuwosa - ukuhlanza indawo - ukushisa kuqala (260-380 °C, amahora angu-6-10) - ukulayisha ithange lokufaka - vacuuming (8-9KPa, 40-50min) - Umjovo webitumen (180 -200 °C) - Ukucindezela (1.2-1.5 MPa, amahora angu-3-4) - Buyela ku i-asphalt - Ukupholisa (ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle kwethangi)

Ukuhlolwa kwemikhiqizo ekhulelwe: izinga lokuzuza isisindo sokukhulelwa G=(W2-W1)/W1×100%
Isilinganiso esisodwa sokushona kwesisindo ≥14%
Isilinganiso sesibili sokuzuza isisindo somkhiqizo okhulelwe ≥ 9%
Imikhiqizo emithathu yokucwilisa izinga lokuzuza isisindo ≥ 5%

I-Graphitization isho inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa okunezinga lokushisa eliphezulu lapho umkhiqizo wekhabhoni ushiselwa kuzinga lokushisa elingu-2300 ° C noma ngaphezulu endaweni evikelayo esithandweni sikagesi esinezinga lokushisa eliphezulu ukuze kuguqulwe i-amorphous layered structure ibe yi-oda lezinhlangothi ezintathu. graphite crystal isakhiwo.

Inhloso kanye nomthelela we-graphitization:
I-1 ithuthukisa ukuqhutshwa kwe-conductivity kanye ne-thermal conductivity ye-carbon material (i-resistivity iyancipha izikhathi ezingu-4-5, futhi ukuqhutshwa kokushisa kwanda izikhathi ezingaba ngu-10);
I-2 ithuthukisa ukumelana nokushaqeka okushisayo kanye nokuzinza kwamakhemikhali we-carbon material (i-linear yokwandisa i-coefficient yehliswe ngo-50-80%);
3 ukwenza i-carbon material lubricity kanye nokumelana nemihuzuko;
4 Ukukhipha ukungcola, thuthukisa ukuhlanzeka kwezinto zekhabhoni (okuqukethwe komlotha komkhiqizo kuncishisiwe kusuka ku-0.5-0.8% kuya ku-0.3%).

Ukufezekiswa kwenqubo ye-graphitization:

I-graphitization yezinto zekhabhoni yenziwa ekushiseni okuphezulu kwe-2300-3000 ° C, ngakho-ke ingenziwa kuphela ngokufudumeza kukagesi embonini, okungukuthi, okwamanje kudlula ngqo kumkhiqizo oshisiwe owenziwe nge-calcined, futhi umkhiqizo ohlanganisiwe ukhokhiswa. esithandweni somlilo kukhiqizwa amandla kagesi ekushiseni okuphezulu. I-conductor iphinde ibe yinto eshiselwa ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu.

Amaziko asetshenziswa kabanzi okwamanje ahlanganisa i-Acheson graphitization furnaces kanye neziko lokushisa langaphakathi le-cascade (LWG). Eyangaphambili inokukhipha okukhulu, umehluko omkhulu wezinga lokushisa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphezulu. Lesi sakamuva sinesikhathi sokushisa esifushane, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi, ukumelana nogesi okufanayo, futhi akufanelekile ukufakwa.

Ukulawulwa kwenqubo ye-graphitization kulawulwa ngokulinganisa ijika lamandla kagesi elifanele isimo sokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa. Isikhathi sokunikezwa kwamandla amahora angama-50-80 esithandweni somlilo sase-Acheson namahora angu-9-15 esithandweni somlilo se-LWG.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwe-graphitization kukhulu kakhulu, ngokuvamile ku-3200-4800KWh, futhi izindleko zenqubo zibalelwa ku-20-35% wesamba sezindleko zokukhiqiza.

Ukuhlolwa kwemikhiqizo eyenziwe nge-graphitized: ukuthepha ukubukeka, ukuhlolwa kokumelana

Umshini: Inhloso yomshini womshini wezinto ze-carbon graphite ukufeza usayizi odingekayo, ukuma, ukunemba, njll ngokusika ukwenza umzimba we-electrode namajoyini ngokuhambisana nezidingo zokusetshenziswa.

I-graphite electrode processing ihlukaniswe yaba izinqubo ezimbili ezizimele zokucubungula: umzimba we-electrode kanye nokuhlangana.

Ukucutshungulwa komzimba kuhlanganisa izinyathelo ezintathu zobuso obuyisicaba obuyisicefe nobumahhewu, indilinga yangaphandle kanye nobuso obuyisicaba kanye nentambo yokugaya. Ukucutshungulwa kokuhlangana okuqinile kungahlukaniswa ngezinqubo eziyisi-6: ukusika, ubuso obuyisicaba, ubuso bekhoni yemoto, intambo yokugaya, ibholithi yokubhoboza kanye ne-slotting.

Ukuxhumana kwamajoyinti e-electrode: ukuxhumana okuhlangene okuhlangene (amabhande amathathu nebhande elilodwa), uxhumano lwe-cylindrical joint, uxhumano lwe-bump (ukuxhumana kowesilisa nowesifazane)

Ukulawulwa kokunemba komshini: ukuchezuka kwentambo ye-taper, intambo yentambo, i-joint (imbobo) ukuchezuka kobubanzi obukhulu, i-coaxiality yembobo ehlangene, ukuphakama kwembobo ehlangene, ukukhanya kwe-electrode ekupheleni kobuso, ukuchezuka okuhlangene kwamaphuzu amane. Hlola ngezikali ezikhethekile zamaringi kanye nezikali zamapuleti.

Ukuhlolwa kwama-electrode aqediwe: ukunemba, isisindo, ubude, ububanzi, ukuminyana kwenqwaba, ukumelana, ukubekezelelana kwangaphambi komhlangano, njll.