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Muna ba da rahoton sakamako mai ban mamaki na hoto a cikin YBa2Cu3O6.96 (YBCO) yumbu tsakanin 50 da 300 K da aka jawo ta hanyar hasken laser blue-laser, wanda ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da babban ƙarfin YBCO da YBCO-karfe na lantarki. Akwai jujjuyawar polarity don buɗaɗɗen wutar lantarki Voc da ɗan gajeren kewaye na yanzu Isc lokacin da YBCO ya sami sauyi daga superconducting zuwa yanayin juriya. Mun nuna cewa akwai yuwuwar wutar lantarki a duk faɗin babban haɗin gwiwar ƙarfe-na al'ada, wanda ke ba da ƙarfin rabuwa don nau'ikan ramukan lantarki da ke haifar da hoto. Wannan yuwuwar yuwuwar mu'amala tana kai tsaye daga YBCO zuwa lantarki na ƙarfe lokacin da YBCO ke haɓakawa kuma yana juyawa zuwa akasin shugabanci lokacin da YBCO ya zama mara ƙarfi. Asalin yuwuwar na iya kasancewa cikin haɗin kai tare da tasirin kusanci a ƙirar ƙarfe-superconductor lokacin da YBCO ke haɓakawa kuma an kiyasta ƙimarta zuwa ~ 10-8 mV a 50 K tare da ƙarfin laser na 502 mW/cm2. Haɗuwa da nau'in nau'in p-type YBCO a yanayin al'ada tare da nau'in nau'in kayan Ag-manna yana samar da haɗin kai-pn wanda ke da alhakin halayen hoto na YBCO yumbura a yanayin zafi mai girma. Abubuwan da muka gano na iya share hanya zuwa sabbin aikace-aikace na na'urorin lantarki da na'urorin lantarki da kuma ba da ƙarin haske game da tasirin kusanci a babban haɗin gwiwa-karfe.
An ba da rahoton wutar lantarki da aka haifar da hoto a cikin manyan na'urori masu zafi a farkon shekarun 1990 kuma an yi bincike sosai tun daga lokacin, duk da haka yanayinsa da tsarinsa sun kasance ba a daidaita ba1,2,3,4,5. YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) fina-finai na bakin ciki6,7,8, musamman, ana yin nazari sosai a cikin nau'in kwayar halitta ta photovoltaic (PV) saboda tazarar makamashi mai daidaitacce9,10,11,12,13. Koyaya, babban juriya na kayan aikin koyaushe yana haifar da ƙarancin juriya na na'urar kuma yana rufe mahimman kaddarorin PV na YBCO8. Anan muna ba da rahoton sakamako mai ban mamaki na hoto wanda aka jawo ta hanyar shuɗi-laser (λ = 450 nm) haske a cikin YBa2Cu3O6.96 (YBCO) yumbu tsakanin 50 da 300 K (Tc ~ 90 K). Mun nuna cewa tasirin PV yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da haɓakar haɓakar YBCO da yanayin ƙirar lantarki na YBCO-karfe. Akwai jujjuyawar polarity don buɗaɗɗen wutar lantarki Voc da ɗan gajeren kewaye na yanzu Isc lokacin da YBCO ya sami sauyi daga mafi girman lokaci zuwa yanayin juriya. Ana ba da shawarar cewa akwai yuwuwar wutar lantarki a cikin babban haɗin gwiwa-na al'ada na ƙarfe, wanda ke ba da ƙarfin rabuwa don nau'ikan ramin lantarki da aka jawo hoto. Wannan yuwuwar yuwuwar mu'amala tana kaiwa daga YBCO zuwa lantarki na ƙarfe lokacin da YBCO ke haɓakawa kuma yana juyawa zuwa akasin shugabanci lokacin da samfurin ya zama mara ƙarfi. Asalin yuwuwar na iya kasancewa da alaƙa ta dabi'a tare da tasirin kusanci14,15,16,17 a ƙirar ƙarfe-superconductor lokacin da YBCO ke haɓakawa kuma ana kimanta ƙimarsa ~ 10-8 mV a 50 K tare da ƙarfin laser na 502 mW /cm2. Haɗuwa da nau'in p-type YBCO a yanayin al'ada tare da nau'in kayan Ag-manna nau'ikan n-nau'in nau'in nau'in Ag-manna, mai yuwuwa, junction quasi-pn wanda ke da alhakin halayen PV na yumburan YBCO a yanayin zafi mai girma. Abubuwan da muka lura sun ba da ƙarin haske game da asalin tasirin PV a cikin babban zafin jiki na haɓaka yumburan YBCO da share hanyar aikace-aikacen sa a cikin na'urorin optoelectronic kamar mai gano haske mai sauri da sauransu.
Hoto 1a-c yana nuna cewa halayen IV na samfurin yumbura na YBCO a 50 K. Ba tare da hasken haske ba, ƙarfin lantarki a cikin samfurin ya kasance a sifili tare da canza halin yanzu, kamar yadda za a iya sa ran daga wani abu mai mahimmanci. Tasirin hoto mai haske yana bayyana lokacin da aka yi amfani da katako na laser a cathode (Fig. 1a): Ƙaƙwalwar IV daidai da I-axis yana motsawa zuwa ƙasa tare da ƙara ƙarfin laser. A bayyane yake cewa akwai ƙarancin wutar lantarki mai ɗaukar hoto ko da ba tare da wani halin yanzu ba (wanda galibi ana kiransa buɗaɗɗen wutar lantarki Voc). Matsayin sifili na madaidaicin IV yana nuna cewa samfurin har yanzu yana da ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin hasken laser.
(a-c) da 300 K (e-g). An samo ƙimar V(I) ta hanyar share abubuwan da ke yanzu daga -10 mA zuwa +10 mA a cikin injin. Wani ɓangare na bayanan gwaji ne kawai aka gabatar don bayyanawa. a, Halin ƙarfin lantarki na yanzu na YBCO wanda aka auna tare da tabo na laser da aka sanya a cathode (i). Duk masu lanƙwasa na IV sune madaidaiciya madaidaiciyar layi wanda ke nuna samfurin har yanzu yana da ƙarfi tare da saka iska mai iska. Layin yana motsawa tare da ƙara ƙarfin Laser, yana nuna cewa akwai yuwuwar rashin ƙarfi (Voc) tsakanin ƙarfin wutar lantarki guda biyu koda da sifilin halin yanzu. Ƙwayoyin IV sun kasance ba su canzawa lokacin da aka jagoranci laser a tsakiyar samfurin a ether 50 K (b) ko 300 K (f). Layin kwance yana motsawa sama yayin da aka haskaka anode (c). Ana nuna ƙirar ƙirar ƙarfe-superconductor junction a 50 K a d. Halayen ƙarfin lantarki na yanzu na YBCO na al'ada a 300 K wanda aka auna tare da katako na laser da aka nuna a cathode da anode ana ba da su a cikin e da g bi da bi. Ya bambanta da sakamakon a 50 K, gangaren da ba sifili ba na madaidaiciyar layi yana nuna cewa YBCO yana cikin yanayin al'ada; Ƙimar Voc ta bambanta da ƙarfin haske a wata hanya dabam, yana nuna nau'in rabuwar caji daban. Ana iya kwatanta tsarin da zai yiwu a 300 K a hj Hoton ainihin samfurin tare da jagora.
YBCO mai wadataccen iskar oxygen a cikin yanayi mai ƙarfi na iya ɗaukar kusan cikakkiyar bakan hasken rana saboda ƙaramin gibin kuzarinsa (Misali) 9,10, ta haka ƙirƙirar nau'ikan ramin lantarki (e-h). Don samar da buɗaɗɗen wutar lantarki Voc ta hanyar ɗaukar photons, ya zama dole a ware nau'i-nau'i na hoto da aka ƙirƙira a sarari kafin sake haduwa18. Voc mara kyau, dangane da cathode da anode kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 1i, yana nuna cewa akwai yuwuwar wutar lantarki a duk faɗin ƙirar ƙarfe-superconductor, wanda ke share electrons zuwa anode da ramuka zuwa cathode. Idan haka ne, ya kamata kuma a sami yuwuwar nuni daga superconductor zuwa lantarki na ƙarfe a anode. Sakamakon haka, za a sami tabbataccen Voc idan yankin samfurin kusa da anode ya haskaka. Bugu da ƙari, kada a sami ƙarfin lantarki da ke haifar da hoto lokacin da ake nuna tabo ta laser zuwa wurare masu nisa daga na'urorin lantarki. Tabbas haka lamarin yake kamar yadda ake iya gani daga siffa 1b,c!.
Lokacin da tabo mai haske ya motsa daga electrode na cathode zuwa tsakiyar samfurin (kimanin 1.25 mm baya ga musaya), ba za a iya lura da bambancin IV ba kuma ba za a iya lura da Voc tare da ƙara ƙarfin laser zuwa matsakaicin darajar samuwa (Fig. 1b) . A dabi'a, ana iya danganta wannan sakamakon ga iyakacin rayuwa na masu ɗaukar hoto da kuma rashin ƙarfin rabuwa a cikin samfurin. Ana iya ƙirƙirar nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i na lantarki a duk lokacin da samfurin ya haskaka, amma yawancin e-h nau'i-nau'i za a shafe su kuma ba a lura da tasirin hoto ba idan tabo laser ya fadi a wurare masu nisa daga kowane nau'i na lantarki. Matsar da Laser tabo zuwa anode electrodes, IV masu lankwasa daidai da I-axis motsa sama tare da ƙara Laser tsanani (Fig. 1c). Makamantan filin lantarki da aka gina a ciki yana wanzuwa a mahaɗar ƙarfe-superconductor a anode. Koyaya, na'urar lantarki ta ƙarfe tana haɗawa da ingantaccen gubar tsarin gwajin wannan lokacin. Ramukan da Laser ke samarwa ana tura su zuwa gubar anode don haka ana lura da ingantaccen Voc. Sakamakon da aka gabatar anan yana ba da shaida mai ƙarfi cewa lallai akwai yuwuwar mu'amala da ke nuni daga superconductor zuwa wutar lantarki.
Ana nuna tasirin hoto a cikin YBa2Cu3O6.96 yumbura a 300 K a cikin siffa 1e-g. Ba tare da hasken haske ba, lanƙwan IV na samfurin shine madaidaiciyar layi ta ketare asalin. Wannan madaidaiciyar layin yana motsawa zuwa sama daidai da na asali tare da haɓaka ƙarfin laser yana haskakawa a cikin jagororin cathode (Fig. 1e). Akwai ƙayyadaddun lokuta guda biyu na sha'awa don na'urar hotovoltaic. Halin gajeren lokaci yana faruwa lokacin da V = 0. Halin halin yanzu a cikin wannan yanayin ana kiransa gajeren lokaci (Isc). Halin iyakance na biyu shine yanayin buɗewa (Voc) wanda ke faruwa lokacin da R →∞ ko na yanzu bai zama sifili ba. Hoto 1e a fili ya nuna cewa Voc yana da kyau kuma yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙara yawan haske, sabanin sakamakon da aka samu a 50 K; yayin da ana lura da mummunan Isc don ƙara girma tare da hasken haske, halin hali na al'ada na hasken rana.
Hakazalika, lokacin da aka nuna katako na laser a wurare masu nisa daga masu amfani da lantarki, madaidaicin V (I) yana da zaman kanta daga ƙarfin laser kuma babu wani tasiri na hoto ya bayyana (Fig. 1f). Hakazalika da ma'auni a 50 K, ƙwanƙwasa IV suna motsawa zuwa kishiyar shugabanci kamar yadda aka kunna wutar lantarki ta anode (Fig. 1g). Duk waɗannan sakamakon da aka samu don wannan tsarin manna na YBCO-Ag a 300 K tare da hasken laser a wurare daban-daban na samfurin sun yi daidai da yuwuwar ƙirar keɓancewar abin da aka lura a 50 K.
Yawancin electrons suna tattarawa a cikin nau'i-nau'i na Cooper a cikin babban ikon YBCO a ƙasa da yanayin canjin sa Tc. Yayin da ke cikin lantarki na ƙarfe, duk electrons sun kasance a cikin nau'i ɗaya. Akwai babban ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin yawa don duka electrons guda ɗaya da nau'i-nau'i na Cooper a cikin kusancin ƙirar ƙarfe-superconductor. Yawancin masu ɗaukar nauyin lantarki guda ɗaya a cikin kayan ƙarfe za su bazu zuwa cikin babban yanki, yayin da yawancin masu ɗaukar kaya Cooper-pairs a yankin YBCO za su bazu zuwa yankin ƙarfe. Kamar yadda nau'ikan Cooper ke ɗauke da ƙarin caji kuma suna da girman motsi fiye da na'urorin lantarki guda ɗaya suna yaɗuwa daga YBCO zuwa yankin ƙarfe, ana barin ƙwayoyin atom masu inganci a baya, wanda ke haifar da filin lantarki a yankin cajin sararin samaniya. An nuna jagorancin wannan filin lantarki a cikin zane-zane na hoto na 1d. Hasken photon da ke faruwa a kusa da yankin cajin sararin samaniya na iya ƙirƙirar nau'ikan eh waɗanda za a rabu da su fitar da su don samar da hoto na yanzu a cikin jujjuyawar son zuciya. Da zaran electrons sun fita daga cikin wutar lantarki da aka gina su, sai su zama nau'i-nau'i kuma suna kwarara zuwa ɗayan wutar lantarki ba tare da juriya ba. A wannan yanayin, Voc ɗin ya saba wa polarity da aka riga aka saita kuma yana nuna ƙima mara kyau lokacin da katakon Laser ya nuna yankin da ke kusa da gurɓataccen lantarki. Daga darajar Voc, ana iya ƙididdige yuwuwar da ke cikin keɓancewa: nisa tsakanin ƙarfin wutar lantarki guda biyu d shine ~ 5 × 10−3 m, kauri na ƙirar ƙarfe-superconductor, di, yakamata ya zama tsari iri ɗaya na girma. kamar yadda tsayin haɗin kai na YBCO superconductor (~ 1 nm) 19,20, ɗauki ƙimar Voc = 0.03 mV, yuwuwar Vms a ƙirar ƙarfe-superconductor shine an kimanta su zama ~ 10-11 V a 50 K tare da ƙarfin laser na 502mW/cm2, ta amfani da ƙima,
Muna so mu jaddada a nan cewa ba za a iya bayyana wutar lantarki da aka haifar da hoto ta hanyar tasirin zafi na hoto ba. An tabbatar da gwajin gwaji cewa ma'aunin Seebeck na superconductor YBCO shine Ss = 021. Ƙimar Seebeck don wayoyi masu gubar jan ƙarfe yana cikin kewayon Scu = 0.34-1.15 μV/K3. Za a iya tayar da zafin jiki na waya ta jan karfe a wurin Laser ta hanyar ƙaramin adadin 0.06 K tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin laser da ake samu a 50 K. Wannan zai iya haifar da yuwuwar thermoelectric na 6.9 × 10-8 V wanda shine umarni uku mafi girma fiye da ƙarami. Voc da aka samu a hoto na 1 (a). A bayyane yake cewa tasirin thermoelectric yayi kadan don bayyana sakamakon gwaji. A haƙiƙa, bambancin zafin jiki saboda iskar laser zai ɓace a cikin ƙasa da minti ɗaya don a iya watsi da gudummawar da tasirin zafi a cikin aminci.
Wannan tasirin hoto-voltaic na YBCO a zazzabi na ɗaki yana nuna cewa akwai wani tsarin raba caji daban a nan. Superconducting YBCO a cikin al'ada al'ada abu ne p-type tare da ramuka a matsayin cajin carrier22,23, yayin da karfe Ag-manna yana da halaye na wani n-type abu. Hakazalika da pn junctions, yaduwar electrons a cikin manna na azurfa da ramuka a yumburan YBCO zasu samar da filin lantarki na ciki wanda ke nuna yumburan YBCO a wurin dubawa (Fig. 1h). Wannan filin na ciki ne wanda ke ba da ƙarfin rabuwa kuma yana haifar da Voc mai kyau da kuma mummunan Isc don tsarin manna YBCO-Ag a dakin da zafin jiki, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 1e. A madadin, Ag-YBCO na iya samar da mahaɗar nau'in p-type Schottky wanda kuma yana haifar da yuwuwar mu'amala tare da polarity iri ɗaya kamar a cikin ƙirar da aka gabatar a sama24.
Don bincika cikakken tsarin juyin halitta na kaddarorin hoto a lokacin babban canji na YBCO, an auna madaidaicin IV na samfurin a 80 K tare da zaɓaɓɓen ƙarfin laser da ke haskakawa a electrode na cathode (Fig. 2). Ba tare da hasken wutar lantarki na laser ba, ƙarfin lantarki a fadin samfurin yana riƙe da sifili ba tare da la'akari da halin yanzu ba, yana nuna yanayin superconducting na samfurin a 80 K (Fig. 2a). Daidai da bayanan da aka samu a 50 K, IV masu lankwasa daidai da I-axis yana motsawa zuwa ƙasa tare da ƙara ƙarfin laser har sai an kai mahimmancin ƙimar Pc. Sama da wannan ƙarfin laser mai mahimmanci (Pc), superconductor yana jujjuya juzu'i daga lokaci mai ƙarfi zuwa lokacin juriya; wutar lantarki ta fara karuwa tare da halin yanzu saboda bayyanar juriya a cikin superconductor. A sakamakon haka, madaidaicin IV ya fara haɗuwa tare da I-axis da V-axis wanda ke haifar da mummunan Voc da Isc mai kyau a farkon. Yanzu samfurin yana da alama yana cikin yanayi na musamman wanda polarity na Voc da Isc ke da matukar damuwa ga tsananin haske; tare da ƙananan haɓakar ƙarfin haske Isc yana canzawa daga tabbatacce zuwa korau kuma Voc daga mummunan zuwa darajar mai kyau, wucewar asalin (babban hankali na kaddarorin hoto, musamman ma darajar Isc, zuwa hasken haske za a iya gani a fili a cikin Fig. 2b). A mafi girman ƙarfin Laser da ake samu, ɗigon IV yana nufin zama daidai da juna, yana nuna yanayin al'ada na samfurin YBCO.
Cibiyar tabo ta Laser tana kusa da electrodes na cathode (duba siffa 1i). a, IV masu lankwasa na YBCO da aka haska tare da mabambantan ƙarfin Laser. b (saman), Dogaro da ƙarfin Laser na buɗaɗɗen wutar lantarki Voc da gajeren kewaye na yanzu Isc. Ba za a iya samun ƙimar Isc a ƙananan ƙarfin haske ba (<110 mW / cm2) saboda ƙwanƙwasa IV suna daidai da I-axis lokacin da samfurin yana cikin yanayin haɓaka. b (kasa), juriya na bambanta azaman aikin ƙarfin laser.
Dogaro da ƙarfin laser na Voc da Isc a 80 K ana nuna su a cikin siffa 2b (saman). Za'a iya tattauna kaddarorin hotunan hoto a cikin yankuna uku na ƙarfin haske. Yanki na farko yana tsakanin 0 da PC, wanda YBCO ke haɓakawa, Voc ba shi da kyau kuma yana raguwa (cikakkiyar ƙimar ƙimar) tare da ƙarfin haske kuma ya kai ƙarami a PC. Yankin na biyu yana daga Pc zuwa wani mahimmancin P0, wanda Voc ke ƙaruwa yayin da Isc ya ragu tare da ƙara ƙarfin haske kuma duka biyu sun kai sifili a P0. Yanki na uku yana sama da P0 har sai an kai ga al'ada na YBCO. Kodayake duka Voc da Isc sun bambanta da ƙarfin haske kamar yadda yake a cikin yanki 2, suna da kishiyar polarity sama da mahimmancin ƙarfin P0. Muhimmancin P0 ya ta'allaka ne a cikin cewa babu wani tasiri na hotovoltaic kuma tsarin rabuwar caji yana canzawa da inganci a wannan lokaci na musamman. Samfurin YBCO ya zama mara ƙarfi a cikin wannan kewayon ƙarfin haske amma yanayin al'ada har yanzu ba a kai ba.
A bayyane yake, halayen halayen hoto na tsarin suna da alaƙa da alaƙa da haɓakar haɓakar YBCO da haɓakar haɓakawa. An nuna bambancin juriya, dV / dI, na YBCO a cikin Fig. 2b (ƙasa) a matsayin aikin ƙarfin laser. Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, yuwuwar haɓakar wutar lantarki a cikin keɓancewa saboda abubuwan watsawar Cooper biyu daga superconductor zuwa ƙarfe. Hakazalika da abin da aka lura a 50 K, ana inganta tasirin hoto tare da ƙara ƙarfin laser daga 0 zuwa PC. Lokacin da zafin Laser ya kai darajar dan kadan sama da PC, madaidaicin IV ya fara karkata kuma juriya na samfurin ya fara bayyana, amma ba a canza polarity na yuwuwar dubawa ba tukuna. An bincika tasirin tashin hankali na gani a kan babban aiki a cikin bayyane ko kusa-IR yankin. Yayin da ainihin tsari shine karya nau'i-nau'i na Cooper kuma ya lalata superconductivity25,26, a wasu lokuta ana iya inganta canjin yanayin aiki27,28,29, ana iya haifar da sababbin matakai na superconductivity30. Ana iya danganta rashin babban aiki a PC ga watsewar da ta haifar da hoto. A wurin P0, yuwuwar da ke cikin keɓancewa ya zama sifili, yana nuna ƙimar caji a ɓangarorin biyu na mu'amala ya kai matakin ɗaya a ƙarƙashin wannan takamaiman ƙarfin hasken haske. Ƙarin haɓakar ƙarfin laser yana haifar da ƙarin nau'i-nau'i na Cooper da aka lalata kuma YBCO an canza shi a hankali zuwa wani nau'i na p-type. Maimakon electron da Cooper biyu watsawa, da siffa na dubawa yanzu ƙaddara ta hanyar lantarki da kuma rami yaduwa wanda take kaiwa zuwa wani polarity juye na lantarki filin a cikin dubawa da kuma saboda haka tabbatacce Voc (kwatanta Fig.1d, h). A tsananin ƙarfin Laser, bambancin juriya na YBCO ya daidaita zuwa ƙimar da ta dace da yanayin al'ada kuma duka Voc da Isc suna bambanta da layi tare da ƙarfin laser (Fig. 2b). Wannan kallo yana bayyana cewa hasken wuta na Laser akan al'ada YBCO ba zai sake canza juriya ba da fasalin babban haɗin gwiwa-karfe amma yana ƙara haɓaka nau'i-nau'i na electron-rami.
Don bincika sakamakon zafin jiki a kan kayan aikin hoto, an ƙaddamar da tsarin ƙarfe-superconductor a cathode tare da laser blue na tsanani 502 mW / cm2. IV masu lankwasa samu a zaɓaɓɓen yanayin zafi tsakanin 50 da 300 K ana ba da su a cikin siffa 3a. Za'a iya samun ƙarfin wutar lantarki na buɗewa na Voc, ɗan gajeren kewaye na yanzu Isc da juriya daban-daban sannan za'a iya samun su daga waɗannan masu lanƙwasa na IV kuma ana nuna su a cikin siffa 3b. Ba tare da hasken haske ba, duk madaidaicin IV da aka auna a yanayin zafi daban-daban sun wuce asalin kamar yadda aka sa ran (saitin siffa 3a). Halayen IV suna canzawa sosai tare da ƙara yawan zafin jiki lokacin da tsarin ke haskakawa ta hanyar katako mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi (502 mW/cm2). A ƙananan yanayin zafi masu lanƙwasa na IV sune madaidaiciyar layi ɗaya daidai da I-axis tare da munanan dabi'u na Voc. Wannan lanƙwan yana motsawa zuwa sama tare da ƙara yawan zafin jiki kuma a hankali ya juya zuwa layi tare da gangaren da ba zero ba a matsanancin zafin jiki Tcp (Fig. 3a (saman)). Da alama duk maɓallan halayen IV suna jujjuya maki ɗaya a cikin quadrant na uku. Voc yana ƙaruwa daga ƙima mara kyau zuwa mai kyau yayin da Isc yana raguwa daga ƙima zuwa ƙima mara kyau. Sama da ainihin madaidaicin zafin canji na Tc na YBCO, lanƙwan IV yana canzawa fiye da yanayin zafi (kasa na siffa 3a). Da fari dai, cibiyar jujjuyawar maƙallan IV tana motsawa zuwa ƙashin farko. Abu na biyu, Voc yana ci gaba da raguwa kuma Isc yana ƙaruwa tare da yawan zafin jiki (saman na 3b). Abu na uku, gangaren ɗigon ɗigon IV yana ƙaruwa da layi tare da zafin jiki wanda ke haifar da ingantaccen ƙimar juriya ga YBCO (ƙasa na Fig. 3b).
Dogaro da zafin jiki na halayen hoto don tsarin manna YBCO-Ag a ƙarƙashin hasken laser 502mW/cm2.
Cibiyar tabo ta Laser tana kusa da electrodes na cathode (duba siffa 1i). a, IV masu lankwasa samu daga 50 zuwa 90 K (saman) da kuma daga 100 zuwa 300 K (kasa) tare da yanayin zafi na 5 K da 20 K, bi da bi. Saka a yana nuna halayen IV a yanayin zafi da yawa a cikin duhu. Duk masu lanƙwasa sun haye wurin asalin. b, buɗaɗɗen wutar lantarki Voc da ɗan gajeren kewaye na yanzu Isc (saman) da juriya daban-daban, dV/dI, na YBCO (ƙasa) azaman aikin zafin jiki. Ba a ba da juriya na sifili superconducting zazzabi na Tcp saboda yana kusa da Tc0.
Za'a iya gane yanayin zafi mai mahimmanci guda uku daga siffa 3b: Tcp, wanda YBCO ya zama mara nauyi; Tc0, wanda duka Voc da Isc suka zama sifili da Tc, asalin farkon yanayin canjin yanayi na YBCO ba tare da saka iska mai iska ba. Da ke ƙasa Tcp ~ 55 K, YBCO mai haske na Laser yana cikin yanayi mai girma tare da babban taro na nau'i-nau'i na Cooper. Sakamakon hasken wutar lantarki na Laser shine don rage girman juriya na juriya na canjin yanayin zafi daga 89 K zuwa ~ 55 K (kasa na 3b) ta hanyar rage haɗin gwiwar Cooper guda biyu ban da samar da wutar lantarki na photovoltaic da halin yanzu. Ƙara yawan zafin jiki kuma yana rushe nau'i-nau'i na Cooper wanda ke haifar da ƙananan yuwuwar a cikin dubawa. Sakamakon haka, cikakkiyar ƙimar Voc za ta zama ƙarami, kodayake ana amfani da ƙarfin hasken Laser iri ɗaya. Ƙimar haɗin gwiwar za ta zama ƙarami da ƙarami tare da ƙarin haɓaka a cikin zafin jiki kuma ya kai sifili a Tc0. Babu wani tasiri na photovoltaic a wannan wuri na musamman saboda babu wani filin ciki don raba nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i na electron-hole. Juyawa juzu'i na yuwuwar yana faruwa sama da wannan mahimmin zafin jiki yayin da adadin cajin kyauta a cikin manna Ag ya fi na YBCO wanda a hankali ake tura shi zuwa wani abu mai nau'in p. Anan muna so mu jaddada cewa jujjuyawar polarity na Voc da Isc na faruwa nan da nan bayan juriyar juriya mai ƙarfi, ba tare da la'akari da dalilin canjin ba. Wannan kallo yana bayyana a sarari, a karon farko, alaƙar da ke tsakanin babban aiki da tasirin hotovoltaic da ke da alaƙa da yuwuwar ƙirar ƙarfe-superconductor. Halin wannan yuwuwar a duk faɗin babban haɗin gwiwar ƙarfe-na al'ada ya kasance abin da aka mayar da hankali kan bincike a cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata amma akwai tambayoyi da yawa da har yanzu ake jira a amsa su. Ma'auni na tasirin hoto na iya tabbatar da zama hanya mai mahimmanci don bincika cikakkun bayanai (kamar ƙarfinsa da polarity da dai sauransu) na wannan mahimmanci mai mahimmanci kuma don haka ya ba da haske a kan babban zafin jiki mai girma na kusanci.
Ƙarin ƙara yawan zafin jiki daga Tc0 zuwa Tc yana haifar da ƙarami na nau'i-nau'i na Cooper da haɓakawa a cikin yuwuwar mu'amala kuma saboda haka ya fi girma Voc. A Tc haɗin haɗin biyu na Cooper ya zama sifili kuma yuwuwar ginawa a mahaɗin ya kai matsakaicin, yana haifar da matsakaicin Voc da mafi ƙarancin Isc. Haɓakawa da sauri na Voc da Isc (cikakkiyar ƙimar) a cikin wannan kewayon zafin jiki ya dace da sauye-sauyen haɓakawa wanda aka haɓaka daga ΔT ~ 3 K zuwa ~ 34 K ta hanyar hasken laser na ƙarfin 502 mW / cm2 (Fig. 3b). A cikin jihohin al'ada da ke sama da Tc, buɗaɗɗen wutar lantarki Voc yana raguwa tare da zafin jiki (saman na siffa 3b), kama da dabi'ar layi na Voc don ƙwayoyin rana na yau da kullun bisa pn junctions31,32,33. Kodayake canjin canjin Voc tare da zafin jiki (-dVoc/dT), wanda ya dogara da ƙarfi akan ƙarfin Laser, ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da na sel na hasken rana na yau da kullun, ƙimar zafin jiki na Voc don haɗin YBCO-Ag yana da tsari iri ɗaya kamar wancan. na ƙwayoyin rana. Yayyo halin yanzu na pn junction don na'urar tantanin rana ta al'ada yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙara yawan zafin jiki, yana haifar da raguwar Voc yayin da zafin jiki ke ƙaruwa. Madaidaicin madaukai na IV da aka lura don wannan tsarin Ag-superconductor, saboda da farko ƙananan ƙananan damar mu'amala da na biyu haɗin baya-da-baya na heterojunctions guda biyu, yana da wahala a tantance halin yanzu. Duk da haka, yana da yuwuwar cewa dogaron zafin jiki iri ɗaya na yoyon halin yanzu shine ke da alhakin halin Voc da aka gani a gwajin mu. Dangane da ma'anar, Isc shine halin yanzu da ake buƙata don samar da wutar lantarki mara kyau don rama Voc ta yadda jimlar wutar lantarki ta zama sifili. Yayin da zafin jiki ya ƙaru, Voc ya zama ƙarami ta yadda ake buƙatar ƙarancin halin yanzu don samar da wutar lantarki mara kyau. Bugu da ƙari kuma, juriya na YBCO yana ƙaruwa da layi tare da zafin jiki sama da Tc (ƙasa na 3b), wanda kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga ƙananan ƙimar Isc a babban yanayin zafi.
Yi la'akari da cewa sakamakon da aka bayar a cikin Figs 2,3 ana samun su ta hanyar hasken laser a yankin da ke kusa da electrodes na cathode. Hakanan an sake maimaita ma'auni tare da tabo Laser da aka sanya a anode kuma ana lura da halaye na IV iri ɗaya da kaddarorin hoto sai dai an juyar da polarity na Voc da Isc a cikin wannan yanayin. Duk waɗannan bayanan suna haifar da wani tsari don tasirin photovoltaic, wanda ke da alaƙa da haɗin gwiwar superconductor-metal.
A taƙaice, an auna sifofin IV na Laser irradiated superconducting YBCO-Ag manna tsarin a matsayin ayyuka na zafin jiki da Laser tsanani. An lura da tasirin hoto mai ban mamaki a cikin kewayon zafin jiki daga 50 zuwa 300 K. An gano cewa kayan aikin hoto suna da alaƙa da ƙarfi da haɓakar yumbura na YBCO. Juyawa juzu'i na Voc da Isc yana faruwa nan da nan bayan babban abin da ya haifar da hoto zuwa canji mara inganci. Dogaro da yanayin zafi na Voc da Isc da aka auna a ƙayyadaddun ƙarfin laser yana nuna kuma jujjuyawar polarity na musamman a matsanancin zafin jiki wanda samfurin ya zama mai jurewa. Ta hanyar gano wurin Laser zuwa sassa daban-daban na samfurin, muna nuna cewa akwai yuwuwar wutar lantarki a duk faɗin mahaɗin, wanda ke ba da ƙarfin rabuwa don nau'ikan ramukan lantarki da ke haifar da hoto. Wannan yuwuwar yuwuwar mu'amala tana kaiwa daga YBCO zuwa lantarki na ƙarfe lokacin da YBCO ke haɓakawa kuma yana juyawa zuwa akasin shugabanci lokacin da samfurin ya zama mara ƙarfi. Asalin yuwuwar na iya kasancewa da alaƙa ta dabi'a tare da tasirin kusanci a keɓancewar ƙarfe-superconductor lokacin da YBCO ke haɓakawa kuma an kiyasta ya zama ~ 10-8 mV a 50 K tare da ƙarfin laser na 502 mW/cm2. Tuntuɓar nau'in p-type YBCO a yanayin al'ada tare da nau'in nau'in kayan Ag-manna yana samar da mahaɗin quasi-pn wanda ke da alhakin halayen hoto na yumbura YBCO a yanayin zafi mai girma. Abubuwan da ke sama suna ba da haske game da tasirin PV a cikin babban zafin jiki na haɓaka yumburan YBCO da share hanya zuwa sabbin aikace-aikace a cikin na'urorin optoelectronic kamar saurin gano haske mai saurin wucewa da mai gano photon guda ɗaya.
An yi gwaje-gwajen tasirin photovoltaic akan samfurin yumbu na YBCO na kauri 0.52 mm da 8.64 × 2.26 mm2 siffar rectangular kuma an haskaka ta ta ci gaba da igiyar ruwan shuɗi-laser (λ = 450 nm) tare da girman tabo laser na 1.25 mm a cikin radius. Yin amfani da girma fiye da samfurin fina-finai na bakin ciki yana ba mu damar yin nazarin kaddarorin photovoltaic na superconductor ba tare da yin la'akari da tasirin tasiri na substrate6,7 ba. Bugu da ƙari, babban abu zai iya zama mai dacewa don tsarin shirye-shiryensa mai sauƙi da ƙananan farashi. An haɗe wayoyi masu gubar tagulla akan samfurin YBCO tare da manna azurfa waɗanda ke samar da na'urorin lantarki masu madauwari guda huɗu kimanin 1 mm a diamita. Nisa tsakanin na'urorin lantarki guda biyu kusan 5 mm. IV halaye na samfurin da aka auna ta amfani da vibration samfurin magnetometer (VersaLab, Quantum Design) tare da ma'adini crystal taga. An yi amfani da daidaitattun hanyar waya huɗu don samun madaidaicin madaidaicin IV. Matsayin dangi na lantarki da tabo na laser ana nuna su a cikin siffa 1i.
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Cibiyar Kimiyyar dabi'a ta kasar Sin (Grant No. 60571063), da muhimman ayyukan bincike na lardin Henan na kasar Sin (Grant No. 122300410231) ne suka tallafa wa wannan aikin.
FY ta rubuta rubutun takarda kuma MYH ta shirya samfurin yumbura na YBCO. FY da MYH sunyi gwajin kuma sunyi nazarin sakamakon. FGC ta jagoranci aikin da fassarar kimiyya na bayanai. Duk marubuta sun sake duba rubutun.
Wannan aikin yana da lasisi a ƙarƙashin Lasisin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙirƙirar 4.0 na Ƙasashen Duniya. Hotunan ko wani abu na ɓangare na uku a cikin wannan labarin an haɗa su a cikin lasisin Creative Commons na labarin, sai dai in an nuna in ba haka ba a cikin layin bashi; idan ba a haɗa kayan a ƙarƙashin lasisin Creative Commons ba, masu amfani za su buƙaci samun izini daga mai riƙe da lasisi don sake fitar da kayan. Don duba kwafin wannan lasisi, ziyarci http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Yang, F., Han, M. & Chang, F. Asalin tasirin photovoltaic a superconducting YBa2Cu3O6.96 yumbura. Sci Rep 5, 11504 (2015). doi.org/10.1038/srep11504
Ta hanyar ƙaddamar da tsokaci kun yarda ku bi Sharuɗɗanmu da Jagororin Al'umma. Idan kun sami wani abu na cin zarafi ko wanda bai bi ka'idodinmu ko ƙa'idodinmu ba da fatan za a yi masa alama a matsayin wanda bai dace ba.
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