Graphite electrode bụ nnukwu okpomọkụ na-eguzogide graphite conductive ihe na-emepụta site petroleum igwakorita, agịga coke dị ka mkpokọta na coal bitumen dị ka ihe nkedo, nke a na-emepụta site na usoro nke usoro dị ka igwakorita, ịkpụzi, amịkpọ, impregnation, graphitization na n'ibu nhazi. ihe.
Grafite electrode bụ ihe dị mkpa na-eduzi okpomọkụ dị elu maka igwe eletrik. A na-eji electrode graphite tinye ike eletrik na ọkụ eletrik, na okpomọkụ dị elu nke arc na-emepụta n'etiti njedebe electrode na ụgwọ a na-eji dị ka ihe ọkụ ọkụ iji gbazee ụgwọ maka ịme ígwè. Igwe ọkụ ndị ọzọ na-agbaze ihe dị ka phosphorus odo, silicon ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na abrasives na-ejikwa graphite electrodes dị ka ihe na-eduzi. A na-ejikwa ihe ndị dị mma na nke pụrụ iche anụ ahụ na kemịkal nke electrodes graphite n'ọtụtụ ebe na mpaghara ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ.
Ngwa maka mmepụta nke electrodes graphite bụ mmanụ ala coke, agịga coke na coal tar pitch.
Coke mmanụ ala bụ ngwaahịa siri ike na-ere ọkụ nke a na-enweta site na ikpuchi ihe fọdụrụ na coal na pitch mmanụ ala. Agba bụ oji na porous, isi ihe bụ carbon, na ash ọdịnaya dị nnọọ ala, n'ozuzu n'okpuru 0,5%. Coke mmanụ ala bụ nke klaasị nke carbon grafitized dị mfe. Coke mmanụ ala nwere ọtụtụ ihe eji arụ ọrụ kemịkalụ na ụlọ ọrụ ọla. Ọ bụ isi akụrụngwa maka imepụta ngwaahịa graphite wuru na ngwaahịa carbon maka aluminum electrolytic.
Enwere ike kewaa coke mmanụ ala ụzọ abụọ: coke raw na calcined coke dị ka okpomọkụ ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ si dị. Coke mmanụ ala mbụ enwetara site n'ịgba oge coking nwere nnukwu ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe, na ike ọrụ dị ala. A na-enweta coke calcined site na calcination nke raw coke. Ọtụtụ ụlọ nrụpụta na China na-emepụta naanị coke, a na-arụkwa ọrụ calcination na osisi carbon.
Enwere ike kewaa coke mmanụ n'ime nnukwu sọlfọ coke (nwere ihe karịrị 1.5% sọlfọ), ọkara sọlfọ coke (nwere 0.5% -1.5% sọlfọ), na obere sọlfọ coke (nwere ihe na-erughị 0,5% sọlfọ). A na-emepụtakarị mmepụta nke electrodes graphite na ngwaahịa graphite ndị ọzọ na-emepụta site na iji obere sọlfọ coke.
Coke agịga bụ ụdị coke dị elu nke nwere udidi fibrous doro anya, ọnụọgụ mgbasawanye ọkụ dị ala na eserese dị mfe. Mgbe agbajiri coke ahụ, enwere ike kewaa ya n'ime ibe ndị dị gịrịgịrị dịka udidi si dị (akụkụ akụkụ ya na-adịkarị karịa 1.75). Enwere ike ịhụ nhazi fibrous anisotropic n'okpuru microscope polarizing, ya mere a na-akpọ ya coke agịga.
Anisotropy nke physico-mechanical Njirimara nke agịga coke bụ ihe doro anya. Ọ nwere ezi eletriki na thermal conductivity yiri ogologo axis ntụziaka nke urughuru, na ọnụọgụ nke thermal mgbasa dị ala. Mgbe extrusion ịkpụzi, ogologo axis nke ọtụtụ ahụ na-ahaziri na extrusion direction. Ya mere, coke agịga bụ isi akụrụngwa maka imepụta electrodes graphite dị elu ma ọ bụ ike dị elu. Igwe elektrọn graphite emepụtara nwere obere resistivity, obere ọnụọgụ mgbasawanye ọkụ na ezigbo nguzogide ujo.
A na-ekewa coke agịga ka ọ bụrụ coke agịga nke sitere na mmanụ nke emepụtara site na mmanụ mmanụ na coke coke dabeere na coke nke sitere na akụrụngwa coal pitch a nụchara anụcha.
Coal tar bụ otu n'ime isi ngwaahịa a na-emepụta n'ime nhazi nke coal tar. Ọ bụ ngwakọta nke hydrocarbons dị iche iche, nwa na oke okpomọkụ, ọkara siri ike ma ọ bụ siri ike na okpomọkụ dị elu, ọ dịghị ebe mgbaze edozi, dị nro mgbe kpochara, wee gbazee, na njupụta nke 1.25-1.35 g / cm3. Dị ka ebe dị nro ya si dị, a na-ekewa ya na obere okpomọkụ, ọkara okpomọkụ na nnukwu okpomọkụ asphalt. Mkpụrụ asphalt na-ajụ oyi bụ 54-56% nke coal tar. Ngwakọta nke coal tar dị nnọọ mgbagwoju anya, nke metụtara njirimara nke coal tar na ọdịnaya nke heteroatoms, na-emetụtakwa usoro nhazi coking na ọnọdụ nhazi coal tar. Enwere ọtụtụ ihe na-egosi maka ịkọwapụta ụda coal tar, dị ka ihe na-adị nro bitumen, toluene insoluble (TI), quinoline insoluble (QI), ụkpụrụ coking, na coal pitch rheology.
A na-eji coal tar eme ihe dị ka ihe nkedo na ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-emepụta carbon, na arụmọrụ ya nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na usoro mmepụta na àgwà ngwaahịa nke ngwaahịa carbon. Asphalt a na-ekekọta n'ozuzu na-eji obere okpomoku ma ọ bụ nke na-ekpo ọkụ gbanwetụrụ asphalt nwere ebe dị nro na-agafeghị oke, uru coking dị elu, yana resin β dị elu. Onye na-eme ihe na-eme ihe bụ asphalt na-ajụ oyi na-enwe ebe dị nro dị ala, QI dị ala, yana ezigbo rheological Njirimara.
Foto a na-egosi usoro mmepụta nke electrode graphite na ụlọ ọrụ carbon.
Calcination: A na-edozi akụrụngwa carbonaceous na okpomọkụ na oke okpomọkụ iji wepụta mmiri na ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe dị n'ime ya, na usoro mmepụta nke kwekọrọ na nkwalite nke ọrụ nri mbụ a na-akpọ calcination. N'ozuzu, carbonaceous akụrụngwa na-calcined site na iji gas na ya volatiles dị ka okpomọkụ isi iyi, na kacha okpomọkụ bụ 1250-1350 Celsius C.
Calcination na-eme mgbanwe dị ukwuu na nhazi na akụrụngwa physicochemical nke akụrụngwa carbonaceous, tumadi na-emeziwanye njupụta, ike n'ibu na eletriki eletrik nke coke, na-eme ka nkwụsi ike kemịkalụ na nguzogide oxidation nke coke, na-atọ ntọala maka usoro na-esote. .
Akụrụngwa ndị a na-eme ka a na-eme ihe na-agụnyekarị tankị tank, kiln rotary na calciner eletrik. Ndekọ njikwa mma nke calcination bụ na njupụta nke coke mmanụ abụghị ihe na-erughị 2.07g/cm3, resistivity abụghị ihe karịrị 550μΩ.m, ezi njupụta nke coke coke abụghị ihe na-erughị 2.12g/cm3, yana resistivity abụghị ihe karịrị 500μΩ.m.
Akụrụngwa na-etipịa ihe na ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe
Tupu achịkọta ihe, a ga-egwepịa nnukwu mmanụ coke na coke agịga, gbanye ma sie ya.
A na-arụkarị ihe ọkụkụ ahụ site na ịkụpịa ihe dị ihe dị ka 50 mm site na onye na-agba agba, onye na-akụ hama, onye na-atụgharị mpịakọta na ihe ndị yiri ya, na-egwepịa ihe dị 0,5-20 mm nke achọrọ maka nhazi ahụ.
Egwe ọka bụ usoro egweri ihe carbonaceous na obere ihe ntụ ntụ nke 0.15 mm ma ọ bụ ihe na-erughị ya na nha nke 0.075 mm ma ọ bụ ihe na-erughị ya site na igwe ihe nkwusioru ụdị mgbanaka (Raymond igwe nri), igwe ihe igwe, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị yiri ya. .
Nyocha bụ usoro nke a na-ekewa ihe dị iche iche nke ihe mgbe a na-etipịa ya n'ime ọtụtụ nha nha nha nke nwere oke dị warara site na usoro sieves nwere oghere otu. Mmepụta electrode ugbu a na-achọkarị pellet 4-5 na akara uzuzu 1-2.
Efrata bụ usoro mmepụta maka ịgbakọ, tụọ na ilekwasị anya na nchịkọta dị iche iche nke nchịkọta na powders na binders dị ka ihe nhazi chọrọ. Nkwekọrịta sayensị nke nhazi na nkwụsi ike nke ọrụ batching bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị kachasị mkpa na-emetụta àgwà index na arụmọrụ nke ngwaahịa.
Usoro ahụ kwesịrị ikpebi akụkụ 5:
1Họrọ ụdị akụrụngwa;
2 chọpụta oke nke ụdị akụrụngwa dị iche iche;
3 na-ekpebi ihe mejupụtara nha nha nke akụrụngwa siri ike;
4 chọpụta ọnụọgụ nke ihe nkedo;
5 Chọpụta ụdị na ọnụọgụ mgbakwunye.
Ịgwakọta: Ịgwakọta na quantifying dị iche iche urughuru size carbonaceous granules na powders na ụfọdụ ihe nkedo na ụfọdụ okpomọkụ, na igwakorita na plasticity mado n'ime usoro a na-akpọ igwakorita.
Usoro igwakorita: ngwakọta akọrọ (20-35 min) ngwakọta mmiri (minti 40-55)
Ọrụ nke igwakorita:
1 Mgbe ị na-agwakọta akọrọ, a na-agwakọta ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche n'otu n'otu, na ihe siri ike nke carbonaceous nke nha nha dị iche iche na-ejikọta ọnụ ma jupụta na-eme ka nchịkọta nke ngwakọta ahụ dịkwuo mma;
2 Mgbe ịgbakwunye pitch coal tar, ihe akọrọ na asphalt na-agwakọta otu. Mmiri asphalt ahụ na-eyiri uwe ma na-ete n'elu granules ahụ ka ọ bụrụ oyi akwa nke njikọta nke asphalt, na ihe niile na-ejikọta ibe ha ka ha na-etolite smear plastic. Na-enyere aka ịkpụzi;
Akụkụ 3 nke coal tar pitch na-abanye n'ime oghere nke ihe carbonaceous, na-abawanye njupụta na ịdị n'otu nke mado ahụ.
Ịkpụzi: Nkpụzi nke carbon ihe na-ezo aka na usoro nke plastically deforming na kneaded carbon tapawa n'okpuru mpụga ike etinyere a ịkpụzi ngwá n'ikpeazụ etolite a akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ahụ (ma ọ bụ raw ngwaahịa) nwere ụfọdụ udi, size, njupụta na ike. usoro.
Ụdị ịkpụzi, akụrụngwa na ngwaahịa emepụtara:
Usoro ịkpụzi
Ngwá ọrụ nkịtị
isi ngwaahịa
Ịkpụzi
Pịa hydraulic kwụ ọtọ
Carbon eletriki, graphite nhazi ọkwa dị ala
Afanye
Ọkpụkpọ hydraulic kwụ ọtọ
Ịghasa extruder
Graphite electrode, square electrode
Ịkpụzi ịma jijiji
Igwe na-akpụzi ịma jijiji
Aluminom carbon brik, ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ brik carbon
Isostatic ịpị
Igwe eji akpụzi ihe
Isotropic graphite, anisotropic graphite
Ọrụ afanyekwa
1 ihe dị mma: ihe na-eme ka diski dị jụụ, ihe na-eme ka cylinder dị jụụ, ịgwakọta ihe na-eme ka ọ dị jụụ, wdg.
Wepụ ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe, belata na okpomọkụ kwesịrị ekwesị (90-120 Celsius C) iji mee ka adhesion dịkwuo elu, nke mere na mgbochi nke mado ahụ bụ otu maka 20-30 min.
2 na-ebu ibu: pịa ihe na-ebuli elu -- 2-3 oge ịkpụ --4-10MPa compaction
3 tupu nrụgide: nrụgide 20-25MPa, oge 3-5min, mgbe ị na-ekpochapụ
4 extrusion: gbadaa ihe mgbagha -5-15MPa extrusion - bee - n'ime mmiri jụrụ oyi
Nka na ụzụ paramita nke extrusion: mkpakọ ruru, pịa ụlọ na nozzle okpomọkụ, jụrụ oyi, preload oge nrụgide, extrusion mgbali, extrusion ọsọ, jụrụ oyi mmiri okpomọkụ.
Nyocha ahụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ: nnukwu njupụta, ịpịpụta ọdịdị, nyocha
Calcination: Ọ bụ usoro nke ngwaahịa carbon akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-ejupụta n'ime ọkụ ọkụ a haziri ahazi nke ọma n'okpuru nchebe nke ihe nkpuchi ahụ iji mee ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ dị elu iji mee ka ikuku coal dị n'ime ahụ. Coke bitumen nke kpụrụ mgbe carbonization nke coal bitumen na-eme ka mkpokọta carbonaceous na akụkụ ntụ ntụ sie ike, na ngwaahịa carbon nke calcined nwere ike ọrụ dị elu, mgbochi ọkụ eletrik dị ala, nkwụsi ike ọkụ dị mma na nkwụsi ike kemịkalụ. .
Calcination bụ otu n'ime isi usoro na mmepụta nke ngwaahịa carbon, ma bụrụkwa akụkụ dị mkpa nke usoro ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ atọ nke mmepụta electrode graphite. Usoro mmepụta calcination dị ogologo (ụbọchị 22-30 maka ịsa achịcha, ụbọchị 5-20 maka ọkụ ọkụ maka ịsa achịcha 2), yana oriri ume dị elu. Ịdị mma nke nsị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-emetụta àgwà nke ngwaahịa emechara na ọnụ ahịa mmepụta.
A na-ekpocha ọkụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'oge a na-eri nri, na ihe dịka 10% nke ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe na-ahapụ ya, a na-emepụta olu ahụ site na 2-3% shrinkage, na oke ọnwụ bụ 8-10%. Njirimara anụ ahụ na kemịkal nke carbon billet agbanwekwara nke ukwuu. The porosity belatara site na 1.70 g/cm3 ruo 1.60 g/cm3 na resistivity belatara site na 10000 μΩ·m ka 40-50 μΩ·m n'ihi mmụba nke porosity. Ike arụ ọrụ nke billet calcined dịkwa ukwuu. Maka mmelite.
Achịcha nke abụọ bụ usoro nke a na-emikpu ngwaahịa calcined wee gbanye ya ka ọ bụrụ carbonize pitch na-emikpu n'ime oghere nke ngwaahịa calcined. Electrodes na-achọ nnukwu njupụta dị elu (ụdị niile ma e wezụga RP) na oghere nkwonkwo ka a ga-achọ ka a ga-eji bibaked, na oghere nkwonkwo na-etinyekwa n'ime achịcha anọ ma ọ bụ abụọ-mikpu atọ.
Ụdị ọkụ ọkụ isi nke roaster:
Na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ--mgbanaka ọkụ (na mkpuchi, na-enweghị mkpuchi), tunnel kiln
Ịrụ ọrụ na-adịte aka—- reverse kiln, n'okpuru ala roaster, igbe igbe
Ọkpụkpụ calcination na oke okpomọkụ:
Nri otu oge--320, 360, 422, 480 awa, 1250 Celsius
Nri nke abụọ—-125, 240, 280 awa, 700-800 Celsius
Nyocha nke ngwaahịa esiri: ịkụ aka n'ọdịdị, mgbochi eletrik, njupụta dị ukwuu, ike mkpakọ, nyocha ihe nhazi ime.
Impregnation bụ usoro nke a na-etinye ihe carbon n'ime arịa nrụgide na mmiri mmiri na-asọ oyi na-emikpu n'ime oghere nke electrode ngwaahịa n'okpuru ụfọdụ ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na nrụgide. Ebumnuche bụ iji belata porosity nke ngwaahịa ahụ, mee ka njupụta dị ukwuu na ike ọrụ nke ngwaahịa ahụ, ma melite eletriki na okpomọkụ nke ngwaahịa ahụ.
Usoro impregnation na paramita teknụzụ ndị metụtara ya bụ: billet na-ekpo ọkụ - nhicha elu - preheating (260-380 Celsius C, awa 6-10) - na-ebufe tankị impregnation - vacuuming (8-9KPa, 40-50min) - Injection nke bitumen (180) -200 Celsius C) - Pressurization (1.2-1.5 MPa, 3-4 awa) - Laghachi na asphalt - jụrụ oyi (n'ime ma ọ bụ n'èzí tank)
Nyocha nke ngwaahịa ndị a na-agbanye n'ime: impregnation arọ uru uru G=(W2-W1)/W1×100%
Ọnụego uru nrite otu ≥14%
Ọnụego ibu ngwaahịa agbagoro ime nke abụọ ≥ 9%
Uru uru ngwaahịa atọ n'itinye ọnụ ≥ 5%
Graphitization na-ezo aka na usoro ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ dị elu nke ngwaahịa carbon na-ekpo ọkụ na okpomọkụ nke 2300 Celsius C ma ọ bụ karịa na ihe nchebe n'ime ọkụ ọkụ eletrik dị elu iji tọghata carbon amorphous oyi akwa ka ọ bụrụ usoro atọ nyere iwu. Ọdịdị kristal graphite.
Ebumnuche na mmetụta nke graphitization:
1 melite conductivity na thermal conductivity nke carbon ihe (a na-ebelata resistivity site 4-5 ugboro, na thermal conductivity na-amụba ihe dị ka ugboro 10);
2 kwalite nguzogide ujo na nkwụsi ike kemịkalụ nke ihe carbon (ọnụego mgbasawanye linear belatara site na 50-80%);
3 iji mee ka mmanu ihe carbon na nguzogide abrasion;
4 Na-ekpochapụ ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha, na-eme ka ịdị ọcha nke carbon carbon dị ọcha (ọdịnaya ash nke ngwaahịa na-ebelata site na 0.5-0.8% ruo ihe dịka 0.3%).
Nghọta nke usoro graphitization:
The graphitization nke carbon ihe na-rụrụ na a elu okpomọkụ nke 2300-3000 Celsius C, n'ihi ya, ọ nwere ike na-aghọta naanị site electric kpo oku na ụlọ ọrụ, ya bụ, ugbu a na-agafe ozugbo site kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ ngwaahịa calcined, na calcined ngwaahịa ebubo. n'ime ọkụ na-emepụta site na ọkụ eletrik na okpomọkụ dị elu. Onye na-eduzi bụ ihe ọzọ na-ekpo ọkụ na oke okpomọkụ.
Igwe ọkụ a na-ejikarị eme ihe ugbu a gụnyere ọkụ ọkụ Acheson graphitization na ọkụ ọkụ dị n'ime ọkụ (LWG). Nke mbụ nwere nnukwu mmepụta, nnukwu okpomọkụ dị iche iche, na ike dị elu. Nke ikpeazụ nwere obere oge kpo oku, obere ike oriri, otu ihe mgbochi eletriki, na ọ dabara adaba.
A na-achịkwa njikwa nke usoro eserese site n'ịtụgharị ọkụ eletrik nke kwesịrị ekwesị maka ọnọdụ ịrị elu okpomọkụ. Oge inye ọkụ bụ awa 50-80 maka ọkụ Acheson yana awa 9-15 maka ọkụ ọkụ LWG.
The ike oriri nke graphitization bụ nnọọ nnukwu, n'ozuzu 3200-4800KWh, na usoro na-eri ihe banyere 20-35% nke ngụkọta mmepụta ego.
Nyocha nke ngwaahịa ndị graphitized: ịme ọpịpị ọdịdị, ule resistivity
Machining: Nzube nke n'ibu machining nke carbon graphite ihe bụ iji nweta chọrọ size, udi, nkenke, wdg site ịkpụ ime ka electrode ahu na nkwonkwo dị ka chọrọ nke ojiji.
A na-ekewa nhazi nhazi graphite n'ime usoro nhazi abụọ nọọrọ onwe ha: ahụ electrode na nkwonkwo.
Nhazi ahụ na-agụnye nzọụkwụ atọ nke ihu njedebe na-agwụ ike na nke siri ike, gburugburu elu na ihu njedebe dị larịị na eri igwe nri. Enwere ike kewaa nhazi nke nkwonkwo conical n'ime usoro 6: ịcha, ihu njedebe dị larịị, ihu cone ụgbọ ala, eri egwe ọka, mkpọpu ihe na slotting.
Njikọ nke nkwonkwo electrode: njikọ njikọ conical (akara atọ na otu eriri), njikọ njikọ cylindrical, njikọ ọkpụkpụ (njikọ nwoke na nwanyị)
Njikwa nke machining ziri ezi: thread taper deviation, thread pitch, nkwonkwo (oghere) nnukwu dayameta deviation, nkwonkwo onu coaxiality, nkwonkwo oghere verticality, electrode ọgwụgwụ ihu flatness, nkwonkwo anọ-point deviation. Lelee na mgbanaka mgbanaka pụrụ iche na ihe nlele efere.
Nyocha nke emechara electrodes: izi ezi, arọ, ogologo, dayameta, nnukwu njupụta, resistivity, tupu mgbakọ ndidi, wdg.
Oge nzipu: Ọktoba 31-2019