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Peb tshaj tawm cov nyhuv photovoltaic zoo kawg nkaus hauv YBa2Cu3O6.96 (YBCO) ceramic ntawm 50 thiab 300 K induced los ntawm xiav-laser illumination, uas yog ncaj qha ntsig txog lub superconductivity ntawm YBCO thiab YBCO-metallic electrode interface. Muaj qhov polarity thim rov qab rau qhov qhib Circuit Court voltage Voc thiab luv Circuit Court tam sim no Isc thaum YBCO tau hloov pauv los ntawm superconducting mus rau lub xeev resistive. Peb qhia tau hais tias muaj ib qho hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm hla lub superconductor-ib txwm hlau interface, uas muab kev sib cais quab yuam rau cov duab-induced electron-qhov khub. Qhov no interface muaj peev xwm ncaj qha los ntawm YBCO mus rau cov hlau electrode thaum YBCO yog superconducting thiab hloov mus rau qhov kev coj rov qab thaum YBCO ua tsis yog superconducting. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lub peev xwm tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog qhov sib thooj ntawm cov hlau-superconductor interface thaum YBCO yog superconducting thiab nws cov nqi kwv yees yog ~ 10-8 mV ntawm 50 K nrog lub laser siv ntawm 502 mW / cm2. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom siv p-type YBCO ntawm lub xeev ib txwm muaj nrog cov khoom siv n-hom Ag-paste ua ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm quasi-pn uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau tus cwj pwm photovoltaic ntawm YBCO ceramics ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Peb qhov kev tshawb pom yuav ua rau txoj hauv kev rau cov ntawv thov tshiab ntawm cov khoom siv photon-electronic thiab tso lub teeb ntxiv rau qhov sib thooj ntawm cov superconductor-hlau interface.
Diam duab-induced voltage nyob rau hauv high kub superconductors tau tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1990's thiab txuas ntxiv tshawb xyuas txij li thaum, tseem nws qhov xwm txheej thiab cov txheej txheem tseem tsis tau daws 1,2,3,4,5. YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) nyias films6,7,8, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, yog intensively kawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm photovoltaic (PV) cell vim nws adjustable zog gap9,10,11,12,13. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm cov substrate ib txwm ua rau kev hloov pauv tsis zoo ntawm cov cuab yeej thiab npog cov khoom tseem ceeb PV ntawm YBCO8. Ntawm no peb tshaj tawm cov txiaj ntsig zoo kawg li photovoltaic induced los ntawm xiav-laser (λ = 450 nm) illumination hauv YBa2Cu3O6.96 (YBCO) ceramic ntawm 50 thiab 300 K (Tc ~ 90 K). Peb qhia tau hais tias cov nyhuv PV yog ncaj qha ntsig txog lub superconductivity ntawm YBCO thiab qhov xwm ntawm YBCO-hlau electrode interface. Muaj qhov polarity thim rov qab rau qhov qhib Circuit Court voltage Voc thiab luv luv Circuit Court tam sim no Isc thaum YBCO dhau qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm superconducting theem mus rau lub xeev resistive. Nws tau pom zoo tias muaj hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm hla lub superconductor-ib txwm hlau sib txuas, uas muab kev sib cais quab yuam rau cov duab-induced electron-qhov khub. Qhov no interface muaj peev xwm ncaj qha los ntawm YBCO mus rau cov hlau electrode thaum YBCO yog superconducting thiab hloov mus rau qhov kev taw qhia rov qab thaum cov qauv ua tsis yog superconducting. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lub peev xwm yuav raug cuam tshuam nrog cov nyhuv sib thooj 14,15,16,17 ntawm cov hlau-superconductor interface thaum YBCO yog superconducting thiab nws cov nqi kwv yees yog ~ 10-8 mV ntawm 50 K nrog lub laser siv ntawm 502 mW /cm2. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom siv p-type YBCO ntawm lub xeev ib txwm muaj nrog cov ntaub ntawv n-hom Ag-paste, feem ntau yuav, quasi-pn hlws ris uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau PV tus cwj pwm ntawm YBCO ceramics ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Peb cov kev soj ntsuam tso lub teeb ntxiv rau lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm PV nyhuv nyob rau hauv high kub superconducting YBCO ceramics thiab paving txoj kev rau nws daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv optoelectronic li xws li ceev passive lub teeb ntes thiab lwm yam.
Daim duab 1a–c qhia tau hais tias IV yam ntxwv ntawm YBCO ceramic qauv ntawm 50 K. Yog tsis muaj lub teeb illumination, qhov voltage hla tus qauv tseem nyob ntawm xoom nrog hloov tam sim no, raws li yuav tsum tau los ntawm ib tug superconducting khoom. Cov nyhuv photovoltaic pom tseeb tshwm sim thaum laser beam yog qhia ntawm cathode (Daim duab 1a): IV curves parallel mus rau I-axis txav downwards nrog nce laser siv. Nws yog ib qho pov thawj tias muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov duab-vim hluav taws xob txawm tias tsis muaj tam sim no (feem ntau hu ua qhib Circuit Court voltage Voc). Qhov xoom txoj kab nqes ntawm IV nkhaus qhia tau hais tias tus qauv yog tseem superconducting nyob rau hauv laser illumination.
(a–c) thiab 300 K (e–g). Tus nqi ntawm V (I) tau txais los ntawm cheb tam sim no los ntawm −10 mA txog +10 mA hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev. Tsuas yog ib feem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sim tau nthuav tawm kom pom tseeb. a, Cov yam ntxwv tam sim no-voltage ntawm YBCO ntsuas nrog laser chaw nyob ntawm cathode (i). Tag nrho cov IV curves yog kab rov tav kab ncaj qha qhia cov qauv yog tseem superconducting nrog laser irradiation. Qhov nkhaus txav mus nrog nce laser siv, qhia tias muaj muaj qhov tsis zoo (Voc) ntawm ob qhov hluav taws xob ua rau txawm tias xoom tam sim no. Lub IV curves tseem tsis hloov pauv thaum lub laser qhia ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov qauv ntawm ether 50 K (b) lossis 300 K (f). Kab rov tav txav mus raws li lub anode yog illuminated (c). Ib tug schematic qauv ntawm hlau-superconductor hlws ris ntawm 50 K yog qhia nyob rau hauv d. Tam sim no-voltage yam ntxwv ntawm ib txwm lub xeev YBCO ntawm 300 K ntsuas nrog laser beam taw tes ntawm cathode thiab anode yog muab nyob rau hauv e thiab g feem. Hauv kev sib piv rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm 50 K, qhov tsis yog xoom txoj kab nqes ntawm cov kab ncaj qha qhia tias YBCO nyob hauv lub xeev ib txwm muaj; Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Voc sib txawv nrog lub teeb siv nyob rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia, qhia txog qhov sib txawv ntawm kev sib cais mechanism. Ib tug ua tau interface qauv ntawm 300 K yog depicted nyob rau hauv hj Daim duab tiag tiag ntawm cov qauv nrog leads.
Oxygen-nplua nuj YBCO hauv lub xeev superconducting tuaj yeem nqus tau yuav luag tag nrho cov hnub ci vim nws qhov sib txawv me me ntawm lub zog (piv txwv li) 9,10, yog li tsim cov hluav taws xob-qhov khub (e-h). Txhawm rau tsim qhov qhib hluav taws xob hluav taws xob Voc los ntawm kev nqus ntawm photons, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum cais cov duab-tsim eh khub ua ntej recombination tshwm sim18. Qhov tsis zoo Voc, txheeb ze rau cathode thiab anode raws li qhia hauv daim duab 1i, qhia tias muaj ib qho hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm hla cov hlau-superconductor interface, uas cheb cov electrons mus rau lub anode thiab qhov rau cathode. Yog hais tias qhov no yog qhov teeb meem, kuj yuav tsum muaj peev xwm taw tes los ntawm superconductor mus rau hlau electrode ntawm anode. Yog li ntawd, qhov zoo Voc yuav tau txais yog tias tus qauv cheeb tsam ze ntawm lub anode yog illuminated. Tsis tas li ntawd, yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj cov duab hluav taws xob vim qhov hluav taws xob thaum lub laser chaw tau taw qhia rau thaj chaw deb ntawm electrodes. Nws yog qhov tseeb raws li pom tau los ntawm daim duab 1b,c!.
Thaum lub teeb pom kev txav los ntawm cathode electrode mus rau qhov chaw ntawm cov qauv (kwv yees li 1.25 hli sib nrug ntawm cov interfaces), tsis muaj qhov hloov pauv ntawm IV nkhaus thiab tsis muaj Voc tuaj yeem pom nrog nce laser siv rau qhov siab tshaj plaws muaj nqis (Fig. 1b) . Lawm, qhov txiaj ntsig no tuaj yeem ua rau lub neej tsawg ntawm cov neeg nqa khoom yees duab thiab tsis muaj kev sib cais quab yuam hauv cov qauv. Cov khub hluav taws xob-qhov tuaj yeem tsim tau thaum twg cov qauv teeb pom kev zoo, tab sis feem ntau ntawm cov e-h khub yuav raug rhuav tshem thiab tsis pom cov nyhuv photovoltaic yog tias lub laser chaw ntog rau thaj chaw deb ntawm ib qho ntawm cov electrodes. Tsiv lub laser qhov chaw mus rau lub anode electrodes, IV curves parallel mus rau lub I-axis txav upwards nrog nce laser siv (Daim duab 1c). Zoo sib xws nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob teb muaj nyob rau hauv cov hlau-superconductor hlws ris ntawm lub anode. Txawm li cas los xij, cov hlau electrode txuas mus rau cov hlau lead zoo ntawm qhov kev sim lub sijhawm no. Lub qhov uas tsim los ntawm lub laser raug thawb mus rau lub anode lead thiab yog li pom zoo Voc. Cov txiaj ntsig tau nthuav tawm ntawm no muab cov pov thawj muaj zog uas muaj tseeb muaj qhov sib cuam tshuam taw qhia los ntawm superconductor mus rau hlau electrode.
Cov nyhuv photovoltaic hauv YBa2Cu3O6.96 ceramics ntawm 300 K yog qhia hauv daim duab 1e–g. Tsis muaj teeb pom kev zoo, IV nkhaus ntawm cov qauv yog ib txoj kab ncaj nraim hla lub hauv paus chiv keeb. Txoj kab ncaj nraim no txav mus rau pem hauv ntej mus rau qhov qub nrog rau kev siv laser irradiating ntawm cathode leads (Fig. 1e). Muaj ob qhov kev txwv ntawm kev txaus siab rau cov khoom siv photovoltaic. Qhov teeb meem luv luv tshwm sim thaum V = 0. Qhov tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog hu ua luv luv Circuit Court tam sim no (Isc). Qhov thib ob txwv qhov xwm txheej yog qhov qhib-circuit mob (Voc) uas tshwm sim thaum R → ∞ lossis tam sim no yog xoom. Daim duab 1e qhia meej tias Voc yog qhov zoo thiab nce nrog kev siv lub teeb, sib piv nrog cov txiaj ntsig tau txais ntawm 50 K; Thaum ib qho tsis zoo Isc tau pom kom nce hauv qhov loj me nrog lub teeb pom kev zoo, ib qho kev coj cwj pwm ntawm cov hnub ci li qub.
Ib yam li ntawd, thaum lub laser beam taw rau thaj chaw deb ntawm lub electrodes, V (I) nkhaus yog ywj siab ntawm lub laser siv thiab tsis muaj photovoltaic nyhuv tshwm sim (Fig. 1f). Zoo ib yam li qhov ntsuas ntawm 50 K, IV nkhaus txav mus rau qhov sib txawv raws li cov anode electrode yog irradiated (Daim duab 1g). Tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig tau txais rau qhov no YBCO-Ag muab tshuaj txhuam qhov system ntawm 300 K nrog laser irradiated ntawm ntau txoj haujlwm ntawm cov qauv zoo ib yam nrog qhov cuam tshuam cuam tshuam rau qhov pom ntawm 50 K.
Feem ntau ntawm cov electrons condense hauv Cooper khub hauv superconducting YBCO hauv qab nws qhov kev hloov pauv kub Tc. Thaum nyob rau hauv cov hlau electrode, tag nrho cov electrons nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv. Muaj ntau qhov loj me me rau ob qho tib si scient electrons thiab cooper khub nyob ze ntawm cov hlau-superconductor interface. Feem ntau cov neeg nqa khoom ib qho khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv cov khoom siv hlau yuav ya mus rau hauv cheeb tsam superconductor, feem ntau cov neeg nqa khoom Cooper-pairs hauv cheeb tsam YBCO yuav diffuse mus rau thaj tsam hlau. Raws li Cooper khub nqa cov nqi ntau dua thiab muaj kev txav mus los loj dua li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib txawv los ntawm YBCO mus rau thaj tsam hlau, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo tau tso tseg, ua rau muaj hluav taws xob hauv thaj chaw them nqi. Cov kev taw qhia ntawm qhov hluav taws xob teb no yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab schematic Fig. 1d. Qhov xwm txheej photon illumination nyob ze ntawm thaj chaw them nqi tuaj yeem tsim eh khub uas yuav raug sib cais thiab swept tawm ua ib qho photocurrent nyob rau hauv qhov kev coj rov qab-bias. Thaum cov hluav taws xob tawm ntawm qhov chaw tsim hluav taws xob, lawv tau condensed ua khub thiab ntws mus rau lwm cov electrode yam tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, Voc yog opposite rau lub pre-set polarity thiab qhia ib tug tsis zoo nqi thaum lub laser beam taw tes rau thaj tsam ib ncig ntawm lub electrode tsis zoo. Los ntawm tus nqi ntawm Voc, lub peev xwm thoob plaws lub interface tuaj yeem kwv yees: qhov kev ncua deb ntawm ob qhov hluav taws xob ua d yog ~ 5 × 10−3 m, thickness ntawm cov hlau-superconductor interface, di, yuav tsum yog tib qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov loj. Raws li qhov ntev ntawm YBCO superconductor (~ 1 nm) 19,20, coj tus nqi ntawm Voc = 0.03 mV, lub peev xwm Vms ntawm cov hlau-superconductor interface Kev ntsuas yog ~ 10-11 V ntawm 50 K nrog lub laser siv ntawm 502 mW / cm2, siv qhov sib npaug,
Peb xav hais qhia rau ntawm no tias qhov hluav taws xob yees duab tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm cov duab thermal nyhuv. Nws tau raug sim ua kom pom tias Seebeck coefficient ntawm superconductor YBCO yog Ss = 021. Seebeck coefficient rau tooj liab hlau nyob ntawm qhov ntau ntawm SCu = 0.34–1.15 μV / K3. Qhov kub ntawm cov hlau tooj liab ntawm qhov chaw laser tuaj yeem raug tsa los ntawm ib qho me me ntawm 0.06 K nrog qhov siab tshaj plaws laser siv nyob rau ntawm 50 K. Qhov no tuaj yeem tsim cov thermoelectric peev xwm ntawm 6.9 × 10-8 V uas yog peb qhov kev txiav txim siab me dua. Voc tau txais hauv daim duab 1 (a). Nws pom tseeb tias cov nyhuv thermoelectric tsawg dhau los piav qhia cov txiaj ntsig kev sim. Qhov tseeb, qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias vim laser irradiation yuav ploj nyob rau hauv tsawg tshaj li ib feeb thiaj li hais tias qhov kev pab cuam los ntawm thermal nyhuv yuav xyuam xim tsis quav ntsej.
Qhov no photovoltaic nyhuv ntawm YBCO nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub qhia tau hais tias ib tug sib txawv nqi sib cais mechanism yog koom nyob rau hauv no. Superconducting YBCO hauv lub xeev ib txwm yog cov khoom siv p-hom nrog qhov raws li tus nqi thauj khoom 22,23, thaum nws yog xim hlau Ag-paste muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv n-hom. Zoo ib yam li pn junctions, lub diffusion ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv cov nyiaj muab tshuaj txhuam thiab qhov nyob rau hauv YBCO ceramic yuav tsim ib tug sab hauv hluav taws xob teb taw tes rau YBCO ceramic ntawm lub interface (Fig. 1h). Nws yog qhov chaw sab hauv no uas muab lub zog sib cais thiab ua rau muaj qhov zoo Voc thiab qhov tsis zoo Isc rau YBCO-Ag muab tshuaj rau ntawm chav tsev kub, raws li qhia hauv daim duab 1e. Xwb, Ag-YBCO tuaj yeem tsim p-hom Schottky hlws ris uas tseem ua rau muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam nrog tib lub polarity ib yam li hauv cov qauv qhia saum toj no24.
Txhawm rau tshawb xyuas cov txheej txheem evolution ntxaws ntxaws ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob photovoltaic thaum lub sijhawm hloov pauv ntawm YBCO, IV nkhaus ntawm cov qauv ntawm 80 K tau ntsuas nrog kev xaiv laser siv illuminating ntawm cathode electrode (Fig. 2). Yog tsis muaj laser irradiation, qhov hluav taws xob thoob plaws cov qauv yuav nyob zero tsis hais txog tam sim no, qhia txog lub xeev superconducting ntawm tus qauv ntawm 80 K (Fig. 2a). Zoo ib yam li cov ntaub ntawv tau txais ntawm 50 K, IV curves parallel mus rau I-axis txav downwards nrog nce laser siv kom txog thaum tus nqi tseem ceeb Pc tau mus txog. Saum toj no qhov tseem ceeb laser siv (Pc), lub superconductor tau hloov pauv los ntawm theem superconducting mus rau theem resistive; qhov voltage pib nce nrog tam sim no vim qhov pom ntawm qhov tsis kam nyob rau hauv lub superconductor. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, IV nkhaus pib cuam tshuam nrog I-axis thiab V-axis ua rau qhov tsis zoo Voc thiab qhov zoo Isc thaum xub thawj. Tam sim no tus qauv zoo li nyob rau hauv lub xeev tshwj xeeb uas polarity ntawm Voc thiab Isc yog qhov tsis tshua muaj siab rau lub teeb siv; Nrog me me nce nyob rau hauv lub teeb siv Isc hloov los ntawm qhov zoo mus rau qhov tsis zoo thiab Voc los ntawm qhov tsis zoo mus rau qhov zoo tus nqi, dhau lub hauv paus chiv keeb (lub siab rhiab heev ntawm photovoltaic zog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tus nqi ntawm Isc, mus rau lub teeb illumination yuav pom tau meej meej nyob rau hauv daim duab. 2b). Ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws laser siv, IV curves npaj siab ua kom sib npaug nrog ib leeg, qhia txog lub xeev ib txwm muaj ntawm YBCO qauv.
Lub chaw laser chaw yog nyob ib ncig ntawm lub cathode electrodes (saib daim duab 1i). a, IV nkhaus ntawm YBCO irradiated nrog sib txawv laser siv. b (sab saum toj), Laser siv zog dependence ntawm qhib Circuit Court voltage Voc thiab luv Circuit Court tam sim no Isc. Isc qhov tseem ceeb tsis tuaj yeem tau txais ntawm qhov siv hluav taws xob tsawg (< 110 mW / cm2) vim tias IV nkhaus yog sib npaug rau I-axis thaum tus qauv nyob hauv lub xeev superconducting. b (hauv qab), qhov sib txawv kuj ua haujlwm ntawm laser siv.
Lub laser siv zog dependence ntawm Voc thiab Isc ntawm 80 K yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 2b (sab saum toj). Lub zog photovoltaic tuaj yeem tham hauv peb thaj tsam ntawm lub teeb siv. Thawj cheeb tsam yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm 0 thiab Pc, nyob rau hauv uas YBCO yog superconducting, Voc yog qhov tsis zoo thiab txo qis (tus nqi tsim nyog) nrog lub teeb siv thiab ncav cuag qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm Pc. Qhov thib ob cheeb tsam yog los ntawm Pc mus rau lwm qhov tseem ceeb siv P0, nyob rau hauv uas Voc nce thaum Isc txo nrog nce lub teeb siv thiab ob qho tib si ncav cuag xoom ntawm P0. Qhov thib peb cheeb tsam yog siab dua P0 kom txog rau thaum lub xeev ntawm YBCO mus txog. Txawm hais tias ob qho tib si Voc thiab Isc sib txawv nrog lub teeb siv tib yam li hauv cheeb tsam 2, lawv muaj qhov sib txawv polarity saum qhov tseem ceeb siv P0. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm P0 nyob rau hauv uas tsis muaj cov nyhuv photovoltaic thiab tus nqi sib cais mechanism hloov zoo ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb no. Tus qauv YBCO dhau los ua tsis yog superconducting nyob rau hauv qhov ntau ntawm lub teeb siv tab sis lub xeev ib txwm tseem tsis tau mus txog.
Kom meej meej, cov yam ntxwv photovoltaic ntawm lub kaw lus yog ze ze rau lub superconductivity ntawm YBCO thiab nws cov kev hloov pauv superconducting. Qhov sib txawv tsis kam, dV / dI, ntawm YBCO yog qhia hauv daim duab 2b (hauv qab) ua haujlwm ntawm laser siv. Raws li tau hais ua ntej, qhov tsim-hauv hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm hauv qhov cuam tshuam vim Cooper khub diffusion ntsiab lus los ntawm superconductor rau hlau. Zoo ib yam li qhov pom ntawm 50 K, cov nyhuv photovoltaic yog txhim kho nrog kev siv laser los ntawm 0 mus rau Pc. Thaum lub laser siv tau nce mus txog tus nqi me ntsis saum Pc, IV nkhaus pib qaij thiab qhov tsis kam ntawm cov qauv pib tshwm, tab sis qhov polarity ntawm lub interface muaj peev xwm tseem tsis tau hloov. Cov nyhuv ntawm optical excitation ntawm lub superconductivity tau tshawb xyuas nyob rau hauv qhov pom los yog ze-IR cheeb tsam. Thaum cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb yog txhawm rau rhuav tshem Cooper khub thiab rhuav tshem cov superconductivity25,26, qee qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm superconductivity tuaj yeem txhim kho 27,28,29, cov theem tshiab ntawm superconductivity tuaj yeem raug ntxias 30. Qhov tsis muaj superconductivity ntawm Pc tuaj yeem raug sau rau cov duab-induced khub tawg. Ntawm qhov taw tes P0, lub peev xwm thoob plaws lub interface dhau los ua xoom, qhia tias tus nqi ceev ntawm ob sab ntawm lub interface nce mus txog tib theem nyob rau hauv qhov kev siv ntawm lub teeb illumination. Kev nce ntxiv hauv laser siv ua rau ntau Cooper khub raug rhuav tshem thiab YBCO maj mam hloov rov qab mus rau cov khoom siv p-type. Hloov ntawm electron thiab Cooper khub diffusion, lub feature ntawm lub interface yog tam sim no txiav txim los ntawm electron thiab qhov diffusion uas ua rau ib tug polarity reversal ntawm hluav taws xob teb nyob rau hauv lub interface thiab yog li ntawd ib tug zoo Voc (piv Fig.1d, h). Thaum lub zog laser siab heev, qhov sib txawv ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm YBCO saturates rau tus nqi sib xws rau lub xeev ib txwm muaj thiab ob qho tib si Voc thiab Isc zoo li sib txawv linearly nrog laser siv (Daim duab 2b). Qhov kev soj ntsuam no qhia tias laser irradiation ntawm lub xeev ib txwm YBCO yuav tsis hloov nws cov resistivity thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov superconductor-hlau interface tab sis tsuas yog nce lub concentration ntawm electron-qhov khub.
Txhawm rau tshawb xyuas cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob photovoltaic, cov hlau-superconductor system tau irradiated ntawm cathode nrog xiav laser ntawm kev siv 502 mW / cm2. IV nkhaus tau txais ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ntawm 50 thiab 300 K yog muab rau hauv daim duab 3a. Qhov qhib Circuit Court voltage Voc, luv Circuit Court tam sim no Isc thiab qhov sib txawv kuj tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm cov IV curves thiab tau qhia hauv daim duab 3b. Yog tsis muaj lub teeb pom kev zoo, tag nrho cov IV nkhaus ntsuas ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias dhau qhov keeb kwm raws li qhov xav tau (inset ntawm daim duab 3a). Cov yam ntxwv IV hloov pauv nrog qhov kub thiab txias thaum lub kaw lus tau teeb pom kev zoo los ntawm lub teeb laser muaj zog (502 mW / cm2). Thaum qhov kub tsis tshua muaj qhov IV nkhaus yog cov kab ncaj nraim mus rau I-axis nrog qhov tsis zoo ntawm Voc. Qhov nkhaus no nce mus rau qhov kub thiab txias thiab maj mam hloov mus rau hauv ib txoj kab nrog txoj kab nqes hav ntawm qhov ntsuas kub tseem ceeb Tcp (Daim duab 3a (sab saum toj)). Nws zoo nkaus li tias tag nrho cov IV yam ntxwv nkhaus tig ib ncig ntawm ib qho chaw nyob rau hauv peb lub quadrant. Voc nce los ntawm tus nqi tsis zoo mus rau qhov zoo thaum Isc txo qis ntawm qhov zoo mus rau qhov tsis zoo. Saum tus thawj superconducting kev hloov pauv kub Tc ntawm YBCO, IV nkhaus hloov txawv txawv nrog kub (hauv qab ntawm daim duab 3a). Ua ntej, qhov chaw sib hloov ntawm IV curves txav mus rau thawj quadrant. Qhov thib ob, Voc txo qis thiab Isc nce nrog qhov kub thiab txias (saum toj ntawm daim duab 3b). Thib peb, txoj kab nqes ntawm IV curves nce linearly nrog qhov kub thiab txias uas ua rau muaj qhov kub thiab txias coefficient ntawm tsis kam rau YBCO (hauv qab ntawm daim duab 3b).
Kub dependence ntawm photovoltaic yam ntxwv rau YBCO-Ag paste system nyob rau hauv 502 mW / cm2 laser illumination.
Lub chaw laser chaw yog nyob ib ncig ntawm lub cathode electrodes (saib daim duab 1i). a, IV nkhaus tau los ntawm 50 mus rau 90 K (sab saum toj) thiab los ntawm 100 mus rau 300 K (hauv qab) nrog rau qhov kub nce ntawm 5 K thiab 20 K, feem. Inset ib qhia IV yam ntxwv ntawm ntau qhov kub thiab txias hauv qhov tsaus ntuj. Tag nrho cov nkhaus hla lub hauv paus ntsiab lus. b, qhib Circuit Court voltage Voc thiab luv Circuit Court tam sim no Isc (sab saum toj) thiab qhov sib txawv tsis kam, dV / dI, ntawm YBCO (hauv qab) ua haujlwm kub. Lub xoom tsis kam superconducting hloov pauv kub Tcp tsis muab vim nws ze rau Tc0.
Peb qhov ntsuas kub tseem ceeb tuaj yeem lees paub los ntawm daim duab 3b: Tcp, saum toj no uas YBCO ua tsis yog superconducting; Tc0, uas ob qho tib si Voc thiab Isc dhau los ua xoom thiab Tc, qhov pib pib superconducting hloov pauv kub ntawm YBCO yam tsis muaj laser irradiation. Hauv qab Tcp ~ 55 K, lub laser irradiated YBCO yog nyob rau hauv superconducting lub xeev nrog kuj siab concentration ntawm Cooper khub. Cov nyhuv ntawm laser irradiation yog txo qhov xoom tsis kam superconducting hloov pauv kub los ntawm 89 K mus rau ~ 55 K (hauv qab ntawm daim duab 3b) los ntawm kev txo cov Cooper khub concentration ntxiv rau kev tsim hluav taws xob photovoltaic thiab tam sim no. Qhov kub nce kuj tseem ua rau cov khub Cooper ua rau muaj peev xwm qis dua hauv kev sib tshuam. Yog li ntawd, tus nqi tiag tiag ntawm Voc yuav dhau los ua me, txawm hais tias tib qhov siv ntawm laser illumination yog siv. Lub peev xwm interface yuav dhau los ua me thiab me dua nrog kev nce ntxiv hauv qhov kub thiab nce mus txog xoom ntawm Tc0. Tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam photovoltaic ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb no vim tias tsis muaj qhov chaw sab hauv los cais cov duab-induced electron-qhov khub. Ib qho polarity thim rov qab ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm tshwm sim saum toj no qhov ntsuas kub tseem ceeb vim qhov pub dawb ceev ceev hauv Ag paste ntau dua li hauv YBCO uas maj mam hloov mus rau p-hom khoom. Ntawm no peb xav hais tias qhov polarity reversal ntawm Voc thiab Isc tshwm sim tam sim ntawd tom qab xoom tsis kam superconducting kev hloov pauv, tsis hais txog ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv. Qhov kev soj ntsuam no qhia meej meej, thawj zaug, kev sib raug zoo ntawm superconductivity thiab cov teebmeem photovoltaic cuam tshuam nrog cov hlau-superconductor interface muaj peev xwm. Qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm no hla cov superconductor-ib txwm hlau sib txuas tau yog qhov kev tshawb fawb tsom rau ob peb lub xyoo dhau los tab sis muaj ntau cov lus nug tseem tos kom teb. Kev ntsuas ntawm cov nyhuv photovoltaic tuaj yeem ua pov thawj tias yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo rau kev tshawb nrhiav cov ntsiab lus (xws li nws lub zog thiab polarity thiab lwm yam) ntawm qhov tseem ceeb muaj peev xwm thiab yog li tso lub teeb rau ntawm qhov kub thiab txias superconducting qhov sib thooj.
Kev nce ntxiv hauv qhov kub thiab txias los ntawm Tc0 mus rau Tc ua rau muaj qhov me me ntawm Cooper khub thiab kev txhim kho hauv qhov muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam thiab yog li Voc loj dua. Ntawm Tc lub Cooper khub concentration dhau los ua xoom thiab muaj peev xwm tsim tau ntawm qhov sib cuam tshuam txog qhov siab tshaj plaws, ua rau qhov siab tshaj plaws Voc thiab qhov tsawg kawg nkaus Isc. Kev nce nrawm ntawm Voc thiab Isc (tus nqi kiag li) hauv qhov ntsuas kub no sib raug rau qhov kev hloov pauv superconducting uas nthuav dav ntawm ΔT ~ 3 K txog ~ 34 K los ntawm laser irradiation ntawm kev siv 502 mW / cm2 (Fig. 3b). Hauv cov xeev ib txwm muaj saum toj no Tc, qhov qhib hluav taws xob hluav taws xob Voc txo qis nrog qhov kub thiab txias (sab saum toj ntawm daim duab 3b), zoo ib yam li kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm Voc rau cov hnub ci li qub raws li pn junctions31,32,33. Txawm hais tias qhov hloov pauv ntawm Voc nrog qhov kub thiab txias (−dVoc / dT), uas nyob ntawm kev siv lub laser, yog me dua li ntawm cov hnub ci li qub, qhov kub coefficient ntawm Voc rau YBCO-Ag hlws ris muaj tib qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov loj npaum li ntawd. ntawm lub hnub ci cell. Lub xau tam sim no ntawm pn hlws ris rau ib lub hnub ci ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes tau nce nrog qhov kub thiab txias, ua rau txo qis hauv Voc thaum kub nce. Lub linear IV curves pom rau qhov Ag-superconductor system, vim yog thawj zaug qhov me me interface muaj peev xwm thiab qhov thib ob qhov kev sib txuas rov qab-rau-rov qab ntawm ob lub heterojunctions, ua rau nws nyuaj rau kev txiav txim siab qhov xau tam sim no. Txawm li cas los xij, nws zoo li qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ntsuas kub ntawm qhov ntws tawm tam sim no yog lub luag haujlwm rau Voc tus cwj pwm pom hauv peb qhov kev sim. Raws li cov lus txhais, Isc yog qhov xav tau tam sim no los tsim qhov tsis zoo hluav taws xob los them Voc kom tag nrho qhov hluav taws xob yog xoom. Raws li qhov kub thiab txias, Voc ua me me kom tsawg tam sim no yuav tsum tau tsim cov hluav taws xob tsis zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov tsis kam ntawm YBCO nce linearly nrog qhov kub thiab txias saum Tc (hauv qab ntawm daim duab 3b), uas tseem ua rau cov nqi me me ntawm Isc ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.
Daim ntawv ceeb toom tias cov txiaj ntsig tau muab rau hauv Fig 2,3 tau txais los ntawm laser irradiating ntawm thaj chaw ib puag ncig cathode electrodes. Kev ntsuas kuj tau rov ua dua nrog laser qhov chaw nyob ntawm anode thiab cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws IV thiab cov khoom photovoltaic tau pom tshwj tsis yog tias qhov polarity ntawm Voc thiab Isc tau thim rov qab rau qhov no. Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv no coj mus rau ib tug mechanism rau cov nyhuv photovoltaic, uas yog ze ze rau lub superconductor-hlau interface.
Hauv cov ntsiab lus, IV yam ntxwv ntawm laser irradiated superconducting YBCO-Ag muab tshuaj txhuam tau raug ntsuas raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Cov nyhuv photovoltaic zoo kawg nkaus tau pom nyob rau hauv qhov kub ntawm 50 mus rau 300 K. Nws tau pom tias cov khoom photovoltaic muaj kev sib raug zoo rau cov superconductivity ntawm YBCO ceramics. Ib qho polarity thim rov qab ntawm Voc thiab Isc tshwm sim tam sim ntawd tom qab lub yees duab induced superconducting mus rau kev hloov tsis yog superconducting. Qhov kub thiab txias ntawm Voc thiab Isc ntsuas ntawm qhov kev siv laser ruaj khov qhia tau tias qhov sib txawv polarity thim rov qab ntawm qhov ntsuas kub tseem ceeb saum toj no uas cov qauv ua kom muaj zog. Los ntawm kev nrhiav qhov chaw laser mus rau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv, peb qhia tau hais tias muaj ib qho hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm hla lub interface, uas muab kev sib cais quab yuam rau cov duab-induced electron-qhov khub. Qhov no interface muaj peev xwm ncaj qha los ntawm YBCO mus rau cov hlau electrode thaum YBCO yog superconducting thiab hloov mus rau qhov kev taw qhia rov qab thaum cov qauv ua tsis yog superconducting. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lub peev xwm tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog qhov sib thooj ntawm cov hlau-superconductor interface thaum YBCO yog superconducting thiab kwv yees li ~ 10-8 mV ntawm 50 K nrog lub laser siv ntawm 502 mW / cm2. Kev sib cuag ntawm cov khoom siv p-type YBCO ntawm lub xeev ib txwm nrog cov khoom siv n-hom Ag-paste ua cov quasi-pn hlws ris uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau tus cwj pwm photovoltaic ntawm YBCO ceramics ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Cov kev soj ntsuam saum toj no tso lub teeb rau ntawm PV nyhuv nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias superconducting YBCO ceramics thiab pave txoj kev rau cov ntawv thov tshiab hauv optoelectronic li xws li ceev passive lub teeb ntes thiab ib qho photon ntes.
Cov nyhuv photovoltaic thwmsim tau ua los ntawm YBCO ceramic qauv ntawm 0.52 hli thickness thiab 8.64 × 2.26 mm2 duab plaub thiab illuminated los ntawm nruam yoj xiav-laser (λ = 450 nm) nrog laser chaw loj ntawm 1.25 mm nyob rau hauv lub vojvoog. Kev siv ntau ntau dua li cov qauv ua yeeb yaj kiab nyias ua rau peb kawm txog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob photovoltaic ntawm superconductor yam tsis tas yuav cuam tshuam nrog kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov substrate6,7. Ntxiv mus, cov khoom siv loj tuaj yeem ua rau nws txoj kev npaj yooj yim thiab tus nqi qis. Cov hlau lead tooj liab yog cohered rau ntawm YBCO qauv nrog nyiaj muab tshuaj txhuam ua plaub lub voj voog electrodes txog 1 hli inch. Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm ob qhov hluav taws xob electrodes yog li 5 hli. IV cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv raug ntsuas siv cov qauv vibration magnetometer (VersaLab, Quantum Design) nrog lub qhov rais quartz siv lead ua. Cov txheej txheem plaub-xaim tau ua haujlwm kom tau txais IV nkhaus. Cov hauj lwm txheeb ze ntawm electrodes thiab laser chaw muaj nyob rau hauv daim duab 1i.
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Txoj haujlwm no tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm National Natural Science Foundation ntawm Tuam Tshoj (Grant No. 60571063), Qhov Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm Henan Xeev, Tuam Tshoj (Grant No. 122300410231).
FY sau cov ntawv ntawm daim ntawv thiab MYH npaj YBCO ceramic qauv. FY thiab MYH ua qhov kev sim thiab tshuaj xyuas cov txiaj ntsig. FGC coj qhov project thiab kev txhais lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Txhua tus kws sau ntawv tau tshuaj xyuas cov ntawv sau.
Txoj haujlwm no tau tso cai raws li Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Cov duab lossis lwm yam khoom siv thib peb hauv tsab xov xwm no suav nrog hauv tsab xov xwm Creative Commons daim ntawv tso cai, tshwj tsis yog qhia lwm yam hauv kab qiv nyiaj; Yog tias cov ntaub ntawv tsis suav nrog hauv daim ntawv tso cai Creative Commons, cov neeg siv yuav tsum tau txais kev tso cai los ntawm tus tuav daim ntawv tso cai los tsim cov khoom siv. Txhawm rau saib daim ntawv tso cai no, mus saib http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Yang, F., Han, M. & Chang, F. Keeb kwm ntawm photovoltaic nyhuv nyob rau hauv superconducting YBa2Cu3O6.96 ceramics. Sci Rep 5, 11504 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11504
Los ntawm kev xa cov lus qhia koj pom zoo ua raws li peb Cov Lus Qhia thiab Cov Lus Qhia Hauv Zej Zog. Yog tias koj pom ib yam dab tsi tsim nyog lossis tsis ua raws li peb cov lus qhia lossis cov lus qhia thov chij nws tsis tsim nyog.
Post lub sij hawm: Apr-22-2020