Kungani i-silicon inzima kangaka kodwa i-brittle?

I-siliconiyikristalu ye-athomu, ama-athomu ayo axhunywe komunye nomunye ngezibopho eziqinile, akha isakhiwo senethiwekhi yendawo. Kulesi sakhiwo, izibopho eziqinile phakathi kwama-athomu ziqondisa kakhulu futhi zinamandla ebhondi ephezulu, okwenza i-silicon ibonise ubulukhuni obuphezulu lapho imelana namandla angaphandle ukuze iguqule isimo sayo. Isibonelo, kuthatha amandla amakhulu angaphandle ukucekela phansi isibopho esiqinile se-covalent phakathi kwama-athomu.

Kodwa-ke, kungenxa ngqo yezimpawu zesakhiwo ezivamile neziqinile zekristalu ye-athomu okuthi lapho ingaphansi kwamandla amakhulu omthelela noma amandla angaphandle angalingani, i-lattice engaphakathi.i-siliconKunzima ukubhafa nokuhlakaza amandla angaphandle ngokusebenzisa ukuguqulwa kwendawo, kodwa kuzobangela ukuthi izibopho eziqinile ziphuke eduze kwezindiza zekristalu ezibuthakathaka noma izikhombisi-ndlela zekristalu, okuzokwenza ukuthi sonke isakhiwo sekristalu siphuke futhi sibonise izici eziphukayo. Ngokungafani nezakhiwo ezifana namakristalu ensimbi, kukhona amabhondi e-ionic phakathi kwama-athomu ensimbi akwazi ukushelela ngokuqhathaniswa, futhi angathembela ekusheleleni phakathi kwezingqimba ze-athomu ukuze azivumelanise namandla angaphandle, okubonisa ukudumba okuhle futhi akulula ukuphuka.

I-siliconama-athomu axhunywe ngamabhondi e-covalent. Ingqikithi yamabhondi e-covalent wukusebenzelana okuqinile okwakhiwa amapheya e-electron okwabelwana ngawo phakathi kwama-athomu. Nakuba lesi sibopho singaqinisekisa ukuzinza nobulukhuni bei-silicon crystalisakhiwo, kunzima ukuthi isibopho esiqinile silulame uma sephukile. Lapho amandla asetshenziswa yizwe langaphandle edlula umkhawulo isibopho se-covalent esingamelana naso, isibopho sizophuka, futhi ngenxa yokuthi azikho izici ezifana nama-electron ahamba ngokukhululekile njengasezinsimbi ukusiza ukulungisa ukuphuka, ukumisa kabusha uxhumano, noma ukuthembela ekukhishweni kwama-electron ukuze kuhlakazwe ingcindezi, kulula ukuqhekeka futhi ayikwazi ukugcina ubuqotho obuphelele ngokulungiswa kwayo kwangaphakathi, okwenza i-silicon ibe brittle kakhulu.

Ekusetshenzisweni okusebenzayo, izinto ze-silicon zivame ukuba nzima ukuba msulwa ngokuphelele, futhi zizoqukatha ukungcola okuthile kanye nokukhubazeka kwe-lattice. Ukufakwa kwama-athomu okungcola kungase kuphazamise ukwakheka kwe-lattice ye-silicon evamile ekuqaleni, kubangele izinguquko kumandla ebhondi yamakhemikhali endawo kanye nemodi yokubopha phakathi kwama-athomu, okuholela ezindaweni ezibuthakathaka esakhiweni. Ukukhubazeka kwe-Lattice (njengezikhala nokugudluka) nakho kuzoba izindawo lapho ukucindezeleka kugxilwe khona.

Uma amandla angaphandle esebenza, lezi zindawo ezibuthakathaka kanye namaphuzu okugxilisa ingcindezi kungenzeka kakhulu abangele ukuphuka kwamabhondi aqinile, okubangela ukuthi impahla ye-silicon iqale ukugqashuka kulezi zindawo, okubhebhethekisa ukuqina kwayo. Ngisho noma ekuqaleni ibithembele kumabhondi aqinile phakathi kwama-athomu ukuze kwakhiwe isakhiwo esinobunzima obuphakeme, kunzima ukugwema ukuphuka okuphukayo ngaphansi komthelela wamandla angaphandle.