Angakanani amanzi asetshenziswa yi-electrolysis?

Angakanani amanzi asetshenziswa yi-electrolysis

Isinyathelo sokuqala: Ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen

Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kuvela ezinyathelweni ezimbili: ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen kanye nokukhiqizwa kwesiphathi samandla esikhuphuka nomfula. Ukuze kukhiqizwe i-hydrogen, ukusetshenziswa okuncane kwamanzi e-electrolyzed cishe amakhilogremu angu-9 wamanzi ngekhilogremu ye-hydrogen. Kodwa-ke, uma kucatshangelwa inqubo yokuchithwa kwamanzi amaminerali, lesi silinganiso singasukela ku-18 kuya ku-24 kilograms wamanzi ngekhilogremu ye-hydrogen, noma ngisho nokuphakama okungama-25.7 kuya ku-30.2.

 

Enqubweni yokukhiqiza ekhona (ukuguqulwa kwesitimu se-methane), ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuncane ngu-4.5kgH2O/kgH2 (okudingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe), kucatshangelwa amanzi enqubo kanye nokupholisa, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuphansi ngu-6.4-32.2kgH2O/kgH2.

 

Isinyathelo sesi-2: Imithombo yamandla (ugesi ovuselelekayo noma igesi yemvelo)

Enye ingxenye ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ukukhiqiza ugesi ovuselelekayo kanye negesi yemvelo. Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kwamandla e-photovoltaic kuyahlukahluka phakathi kwama-50-400 amalitha /MWh (2.4-19kgH2O/kgH2) kanye nalokho kwamandla omoya phakathi kuka-5-45 wamalitha /MWh (0.2-2.1kgH2O/kgH2). Ngokufanayo, ukukhiqizwa kwegesi kusuka ku-shale gas (ngokusekelwe kudatha yase-US) kungakhuphuka kusuka ku-1.14kgH2O/kgH2 kuya ku-4.9kgH2O/kgH2.

 

Sengiphetha, isilinganiso sengqikithi yokusetshenziswa kwamanzi e-hydrogen ekhiqizwa amandla okukhiqiza amandla e-photovoltaic namandla omoya acishe abe ngu-32 no-22kgH2O/kgH2, ngokulandelana. Ukungaqiniseki kuvela emisebeni yelanga, impilo yonke kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-silicon. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwamanzi kusezingeni elifanayo lobukhulu njengokukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen kusuka kugesi yemvelo (7.6-37 kgh2o /kgH2, nesilinganiso esingu-22kgH2O/kgH2).

 

Ingqikithi yamanzi: Iphansi uma usebenzisa amandla avuselelekayo

Ngokufanayo nokukhishwa kwe-CO2, imfuneko yonyawo oluphansi lwamanzi emizileni ye-electrolytic ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo. Uma ingxenye encane kagesi ikhiqizwa kusetshenziswa amafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuhlobene nogesi kuphakeme kakhulu kunamanzi angempela adliwe ngesikhathi se-electrolysis.

 

Isibonelo, ukukhiqiza amandla kagesi kungasebenzisa amalitha angu-2,500/MWh amanzi. Kuphinde kube yicala elingcono kakhulu lamafutha emvelo (igesi yemvelo). Uma ukufakwa kwegesi kwamalahle kucatshangelwa, ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen kungadla u-31-31.8kgH2O/kgH2 futhi ukukhiqizwa kwamalahle kungadla u-14.7kgH2O/kgH2. Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi avela kuma-photovoltaics nomoya kulindeleke ukuthi kwehle ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba izinqubo zokukhiqiza ziba zisebenza kahle futhi nokuphuma kwamandla ngeyunithi ngayinye yomthamo ofakiwe kuyathuthuka.

 

Ingqikithi yokusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngo-2050

Umhlaba kulindeleke ukuthi usebenzise i-hydrogen ephindwe kaningi esikhathini esizayo kunanamuhla. Isibonelo, i-World Energy Transitions Outlook ye-IRENA ilinganisela ukuthi isidingo se-hydrogen ngo-2050 sizoba ngu-74EJ, cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zizophuma ku-hydrogen evuselelekayo. Ngokuqhathanisa, namuhla (i-hydrogen ehlanzekile) ingu-8.4EJ.

 

Noma ngabe i-electrolytic hydrogen ingahlangabezana nesidingo se-hydrogen unyaka wonke ka-2050, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kungaba cishe ama-cubic metres ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-25. Isibalo esingezansi siqhathanisa lesi sibalo neminye imifudlana yokusetshenziswa kwamanzi eyenziwe abantu. Ezolimo zisebenzisa inani elikhulu kunawo wonke lama-cubic metres ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-280, kanti izimboni zisebenzisa cishe ama-cubic metres ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-800 kanti amadolobha asebenzisa ama-cubic metres ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-470. Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kwamanje kokuguqulwa kwegesi yemvelo kanye nokufakwa kwegesi yamalahle ekukhiqizeni i-hydrogen cishe ku-1.5 billion cubic metres.

Ngakho-ke, nakuba amanzi amaningi kulindeleke ukuthi adliwe ngenxa yezinguquko emigwaqweni ye-electrolytic kanye nesidingo esikhulayo, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuvela ekukhiqizeni i-hydrogen kusazoba kuncane kakhulu kunokunye ukugeleza okusetshenziswa abantu. Elinye iphuzu elibalulekile ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngomuntu ngamunye kuphakathi kuka-75 (Luxembourg) no-1 200 (US) wama-cubic metres ngonyaka. Ngokwesilinganiso se-400 m3 / (per capita * ngonyaka), inani lokukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen ngo-2050 lilingana nezwe labantu abayizigidi ezingu-62.

 

Angakanani amanzi abizayo kanye namandla angakanani asetshenziswayo

 

izindleko

Amaseli e-Electrolytic adinga amanzi ekhwalithi ephezulu futhi adinga ukwelashwa kwamanzi. Amanzi asezingeni eliphansi aholela ekuwohlokeni okusheshayo nokuphila okufushane. Izakhi eziningi, ezihlanganisa ama-diaphragm nama-catalysts asetshenziswa kuma-alkaline, kanye nolwelwesi kanye nezingqimba zokuthutha ezinama-porous ze-PEM, zingathinteka kabi ukungcola kwamanzi okufana nensimbi, i-chromium, ithusi, njll. Ukuhamba kwamanzi kuyadingeka ukuze kube ngaphansi kuka-1μS/ cm kanye nengqikithi yekhabhoni ephilayo engaphansi kuka-50μg/L.

 

Amanzi abala ingxenye encane yokusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nezindleko. Isimo esibi kakhulu sayo yomibili imingcele wukukhipha usawoti emanzini. I-Reverse osmosis iwubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko bokukhipha usawoti emanzini, okubalela cishe amaphesenti angama-70 omthamo womhlaba. Ubuchwepheshe bubiza u-$1900- $2000 / m³/d futhi bunezinga lokufunda elingu-15%. Ngalezi zindleko zokutshala imali, izindleko zokwelashwa zingaba ngu-$1/m³, futhi zingaba ngaphansi ezindaweni lapho izindleko zikagesi ziphansi.

 

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindleko zokuthumela zizokhuphuka cishe ngo-$1-2 nge-m³ ngayinye. Nakulokhu, izindleko zokwelashwa kwamanzi zilinganiselwa ku-$0.05/kgH2. Ukubeka lokhu ngombono, izindleko ze-hydrogen evuselelekayo zingaba ngu-$ 2-3 / kgH2 uma izinsiza ezinhle ezivuselelekayo zitholakala, kuyilapho izindleko zensiza evamile ziyi-$ 4-5 / kgH2.

 

Ngakho kulesi simo esivamile, amanzi angabiza ngaphansi kwamaphesenti amabili engqikithi. Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi olwandle kungakhuphula inani lamanzi atholwe izikhathi ezi-2.5 kuya kwezi-5 (ngokwesici sokubuyisela).

 

Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla

Uma ubheka ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okukhipha usawoti emanzini, nakho kuncane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nenani likagesi elidingekayo ukufaka iseli le-electrolytic. Iyunithi yamanje esebenzayo ye-reverse osmosis idla cishe u-3.0 kW/m3. Ngokuphambene, izitshalo zokukhipha usawoti emanzini ezishisayo zinokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphezulu kakhulu, kusukela ku-40 kuya ku-80 KWH/m3, nezidingo zamandla ezengeziwe ezisukela ku-2.5 kuya ku-5 KWH/m3, kuye ngobuchwepheshe bokukhipha usawoti emanzini. Uma sithatha i-conservative case (okungukuthi isidingo esikhulu samandla) semboni yokuhlanganisa njengesibonelo, uma sicabangela ukusetshenziswa kwephampu yokushisa, isidingo samandla singaguqulelwa cishe ku-0.7kWh/kg we-hydrogen. Ukubeka lokhu ngombono, isidingo sikagesi seseli ye-electrolytic silinganiselwa ku-50-55kWh/kg, ngakho-ke ngisho nasezimeni ezimbi kakhulu, isidingo samandla okukhipha usawoti emanzini sicishe sibe ngu-1% wawo wonke amandla afakiwe ohlelweni.

 

Enye inselele yokukhipha usawoti emanzini ukuchithwa kwamanzi anosawoti, okungaba nomthelela ezinhlelweni zemvelo zasolwandle. Le manzi anosawoti angelashwa futhi ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wawo kwezemvelo, ngaleyo ndlela kwengeze enye i-$0.6-2.40/m³ ezindlekweni zamanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhwalithi yamanzi e-electrolytic iqine kakhulu kunamanzi okuphuza futhi ingase ibangele izindleko zokwelashwa eziphakeme, kodwa lokhu kusalindeleke ukuthi kube kuncane uma kuqhathaniswa nokokufaka kwamandla.

Umkhondo wamanzi wamanzi e-electrolytic okukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen iyipharamitha yendawo ecaciswe kakhulu encike ekutholakaleni kwamanzi endawo, ukusetshenziswa, ukuwohloka kanye nokungcola. Kufanele kucatshangelwe ukulingana kwezimiso zemvelo kanye nomthelela wesimo sezulu sesikhathi eside. Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kuzoba yisithiyo esikhulu ekukhulisweni kwe-hydrogen evuselelekayo.