Kutheni iSilicon njenge-chip ye-semiconductor?

I-semiconductor yimathiriyeli ombane wayo kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi iphakathi kwelo lomqhubi kunye ne-insulator. Njengocingo lobhedu kubomi bemihla ngemihla, ucingo lwe-aluminium ngumqhubi, kwaye i-rubber yi-insulator. Ukususela kumbono we-conductivity: i-semiconductor ibhekisela kwi-conductivity controllable, ukusuka kwi-insulator ukuya kwi-conductor.

Ngeentsuku zokuqala ze-semiconductor chips, i-silicon yayingeyena mdlali oyintloko, i-germanium yayi. I-transistor yokuqala yayiyi-germanium esekwe kwi-transistor kwaye i-chip yokuqala edibeneyo yesekethe yayiyi-germanium chip.

Nangona kunjalo, i-germanium ineengxaki ezinzima kakhulu, ezifana neziphene ezininzi ze-interface kwii-semiconductors, ukuzinza okungahambi kakuhle kwe-thermal, kunye nobuninzi obunganelanga bee-oxides. Ngaphezu koko, i-germanium yinto enqabileyo, umxholo okwi-Earth's crust yi-7 kuphela kwisigidi ngasinye, kwaye ukuhanjiswa kwe-germanium ore kukwasasazeka kakhulu. Kungenxa yokuba i-germanium inqabile kakhulu, ukuhanjiswa akugxininisi, okubangelwa ixabiso eliphezulu lezinto eziluhlaza zegermanium; Izinto zinqabile, iindleko zemathiriyeli ekrwada ziphezulu, kwaye i-germanium transistors ayibizi naphi na, ngoko ke igermanium transistors kunzima ukuyivelisa ngobuninzi.

Ke, abaphandi, ugxininiso lophononongo lwatsiba kwinqanaba elinye, bejonge kwisilicon. Kunokuthiwa zonke iintsilelo zokuzalwa zegermanium ziyinzuzo yokuzalwa ye-silicon.

I-1, i-silicon yinto yesibini emva kwe-oksijini, kodwa awukwazi ukufumana i-silicon kwindalo, iikhompawundi zayo eziqhelekileyo ziyi-silica kunye ne-silicates. I-silica yenye yezinto eziphambili zesanti. Ukongezelela, i-feldspar, i-granite, i-quartz kunye nezinye iikhompawundi zisekelwe kwi-silicon-oxygen compounds.

2. Ukuzinza kwe-thermal ye-silicon kulungile, kunye ne-dense, i-dielectric ephezulu ye-oxide oxide, iyakwazi ukulungisa lula i-silicon-silicon oxide interface eneziphene ezimbalwa.

3. I-silicon oxide ayinyibiliki emanzini (i-germanium oxide ayinyibiliki emanzini) kwaye ayinyibiliki kwi-acids ezininzi, nto leyo ilula nje iteknoloji yokushicilela i-corrosion yeebhodi zesekethe eziprintiweyo. Imveliso edibeneyo yinkqubo yeplani yesekethe edibeneyo eqhubekayo kuze kube namhlanje.