Isiliconyikristale yeathom, edityaniswe iiathom zayo enye kwenye ngeebhondi ezidibeneyo, zenza ulwakhiwo lwenethiwekhi yendawo. Kolu lwakhiwo, i-covalent bonds phakathi kwe-athom zihamba phambili kwaye zinamandla amakhulu okudibanisa, okwenza i-silicon ibonise ubulukhuni obuphezulu xa ixhathisa amandla angaphandle ukuguqula imilo yayo. Umzekelo, kuthatha amandla amakhulu angaphandle ukutshabalalisa uqhagamshelo lwebhondi eqinileyo phakathi kweeathom.
Nangona kunjalo, kungenxa yeempawu eziqhelekileyo kunye neziqinileyo zokwakheka kwekristale yeathom ethi xa iphantsi kwamandla amakhulu okanye amandla angalinganiyo angaphandle, i-lattice ngaphakathi.isiliconKunzima ukuphazamisa kunye nokusasaza amandla angaphandle ngokuguqulwa kwendawo, kodwa kuya kubangela ukuba iibhondi ezidibeneyo ziphuke kunye neenqwelo zekristale ezibuthathaka okanye izikhombisi zekristale, eziya kubangela ukuba isakhiwo sekristale siphuke kwaye sibonise iimpawu ezinqabileyo. Ngokungafaniyo nezakhiwo ezinjengeekristale zetsimbi, kukho iibhondi ze-ionic phakathi kweeathom zetsimbi ezinokutyibilika ngokwentelekiso, kwaye zinokuthembela ekutyibilikeni phakathi kweeleya zeathom ukuze zilungelelane nemikhosi yangaphandle, ebonisa ukudumba okuhle kwaye akukho lula ukuqhawuka brittle.
Isiliconiiathom ziqhagamshelwe ngamabhondi adibeneyo. Undoqo wamabhondi adibeneyo yintsebenziswano eyomeleleyo eyenziwa ngamaqela e-electron ekwabelwanayo phakathi kwe-athom. Nangona le bhondi inokuqinisekisa ukuzinza kunye nobunzima beikristale yesiliconUlwakhiwo, kubanzima kwibhondi yomanyano ukuba iphinde iphinde iphindeke xa yophukile. Xa amandla asetyenziswa lilizwe langaphandle lidlula umda ukuba ibhondi covalent inokumelana, ibhondi iya kuqhawuka, kwaye ngenxa yokuba akukho zinto ezifana elektroni ezihamba ngokukhululekileyo njengeentsimbi ukunceda ukulungisa ikhefu, ukuseka kwakhona uqhagamshelwano, okanye ukuthembela kwi-delocalization yee-electron ukusabalalisa uxinzelelo, kulula ukuqhekeka kwaye ayikwazi ukugcina ingqibelelo yonke ngohlengahlengiso lwangaphakathi, okwenza i-silicon ibe brittle kakhulu.
Kwizicelo ezisebenzayo, izinto ze-silicon zihlala zinzima ukuba zicoceke ngokupheleleyo, kwaye ziya kuqulatha ukungcola okuthile kunye neziphene ze-lattice. Ukudityaniswa kwee-athom zokungcola kunokuphazamisa isiseko se-silicon yelattice yasekuqaleni, okubangela utshintsho kumandla ebhondi yeekhemikhali yendawo kunye nemo yokudibanisa phakathi kwe-athomu, okukhokelela kwiindawo ezibuthathaka kwisakhiwo. Iziphene zeLattice (ezifana nezithuba kunye nokususwa) nazo ziya kuba ziindawo apho uxinzelelo lugxininiswe.
Xa amandla angaphandle esebenza, la mabala abuthathaka kunye namanqaku okuxininisa uxinzelelo kunokwenzeka ukuba abangele ukuqhawuka kwamabhondi e-covalent, okubangela ukuba izinto ze-silicon ziqale ukuqhawuka kwezi ndawo, zinyusa ubuqhophololo bayo. Nokuba ekuqaleni ixhomekeke kwiibhondi covalent phakathi athom ukwakha isakhiwo ngobulukhuni obuphezulu, kunzima ukuphepha ukwaphuka brittle phantsi kwempembelelo yamandla angaphandle.
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-10-2024