Angakanani amanzi asetyenziswa yi-electrolysis?

Angakanani amanzi asetyenziswa yi-electrolysis

Inyathelo lokuqala: Imveliso yeHydrojeni

Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kuvela kumanyathelo amabini: ukuveliswa kwe-hydrogen kunye nemveliso ye-energy carrier enyukayo. Ukuveliswa kwe-hydrogen, ubuncinane bokusetyenziswa kwamanzi e-electrolyzed malunga neekhilogram ze-9 zamanzi ngekhilogram ye-hydrogen. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuqwalasela inkqubo yokuchithwa kwamanzi, lo mlinganiso unokusuka kwi-18 ukuya kwi-24 yeekhilogram zamanzi ngekhilogram ye-hydrogen, okanye nokuba phezulu kwi-25.7 ukuya kwi-30.2.

 

Kwinkqubo ekhoyo yokuvelisa (i-methane steam reforming), ubuncinci bokusetyenziswa kwamanzi yi-4.5kgH2O/kgH2 (efunekayo ukusabela), kuthathelwa ingqalelo inkqubo yamanzi kunye nokupholisa, ubuncinci bokusetyenziswa kwamanzi yi-6.4-32.2kgH2O/kgH2.

 

Inyathelo 2: Imithombo yamandla (umbane ohlaziyekayo okanye irhasi yendalo)

Elinye icandelo kukusetyenziswa kwamanzi ukuvelisa umbane ohlaziyekayo kunye negesi yendalo. Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi amandla e-photovoltaic kuyahluka phakathi kwe-50-400 ilitha /MWh (2.4-19kgH2O/kgH2) kunye namandla omoya phakathi kwe-5-45 litre /MWh (0.2-2.1kgH2O/kgH2). Ngokufanayo, ukuveliswa kwegesi kwigesi ye-shale (esekelwe kwidatha yase-US) inokunyuswa ukusuka kwi-1.14kgH2O / kgH2 ukuya kwi-4.9kgH2O / kgH2.

 

Ukuqukumbela, umndilili opheleleyo wokusetyenziswa kwamanzi e-hydrogen aveliswa ngamandla e-photovoltaic kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla omoya malunga ne-32 kunye ne-22kgH2O/kgH2, ngokulandelelanayo. Ukungaqiniseki kuvela kwimitha yelanga, ubomi kunye nomxholo wesilicon. Olu setyenziso lwamanzi lukwindlela efanayo yobukhulu njengemveliso ye-hydrogen esuka kwigesi yendalo (7.6-37 kgh2o /kgH2, kunye ne-avareji ye-22kgH2O/kgH2).

 

Amanzi apheleleyo: Asezantsi xa usebenzisa amandla ahlaziyekayo

Ngokufana nokukhutshwa kwe-CO2, i-prerequisite kwi-low footprint yamanzi kwiindlela ze-electrolytic kukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo. Ukuba icandelo elincinci lombane liveliswa kusetyenziswa i-fossil fuels, ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi okuhambelana nombane kuphezulu kakhulu kunamanzi asetyenzisiweyo ngexesha le-electrolysis.

 

Umzekelo, umbane werhasi unokusebenzisa ukuya kutsho kwiilitha ezingama-2,500/MWh zamanzi. Ikwayeyona meko ilungileyo kumafutha efosili (igesi yendalo). Ukuba i-gasification yamalahle iqwalaselwa, ukuveliswa kwe-hydrogen kungadla i-31-31.8kgH2O / kgH2 kunye nokuveliswa kwamalahle kungadla i-14.7kgH2O / kgH2. Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi ukusuka kwi-photovoltaics kunye nomoya kulindeleke ukuba kunciphe ngokuhamba kwexesha njengoko iinkqubo zokuvelisa zisebenza kakuhle kwaye ukukhutshwa kwamandla kwiyunithi nganye yomthamo ofakiweyo kuphucula.

 

Iyonke ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kwi-2050

Ihlabathi kulindeleke ukuba lisebenzise i-hydrogen ephindwe kaninzi kwixesha elizayo kunokuba lisenjenjalo namhlanje. Ngokomzekelo, i-IRENA's World Energy Transitions Outlook iqikelela ukuba imfuno ye-hydrogen ngo-2050 iya kuba malunga ne-74EJ, malunga nesibini kwisithathu siya kuvela kwi-hydrogen evuselelekayo. Ngokuthelekisa, namhlanje (i-hydrogen ecocekileyo) yi-8.4EJ.

 

Nokuba i-hydrogen ye-electrolytic inokwanelisa imfuno ye-hydrogen kulo lonke u-2050, ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kuya kuba malunga ne-25 billion cubic metres. Lo mzobo ungezantsi uthelekisa eli nani neminye imijelo yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi eyenziwe ngumntu. EzoLimo zisebenzisa esona sixa sikhulu sama-280 eebhiliyoni zee-cubic metres zamanzi, ngelixa ishishini lisebenzisa malunga ne-800 yeebhiliyoni zee-cubic metres kwaye izixeko zisebenzisa i-470 yeebhiliyoni zee-cubic metres. Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kwangoku kokuguqulwa kwegesi yendalo kunye negesi yamalahle kwimveliso ye-hydrogen malunga ne-1.5 yebhiliyoni ye-cubic metres.

Ngaloo ndlela, nangona ixabiso elikhulu lamanzi lilindeleke ukuba lisetyenziswe ngenxa yeenguqu kwiindlela ze-electrolytic kunye nemfuno ekhulayo, ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kwimveliso ye-hydrogen kuya kuba kuncinci kakhulu kunomnye umsinga osetyenziswa ngabantu. Enye ingongoma ekubhekiselwa kuyo kukuba amanzi asetyenziswa ngomntu ngamnye aphakathi kwama-75 (eLuxembourg) kunye ne-1,200 (yaseUnited States) ngonyaka. Kwi-avareji ye-400 m3 / (per capita * ngonyaka), imveliso ye-hydrogen iyonke ngo-2050 ilingana nelizwe labantu abazizigidi ezingama-62.

 

Angakanani iindleko zamanzi kunye nokuba angakanani amandla asetyenziswayo

 

iindleko

Iiseli ze-Electrolytic zifuna amanzi akumgangatho ophezulu kwaye zifuna unyango lwamanzi. Amanzi akumgangatho ophantsi akhokelela ekuwohlokeni ngokukhawuleza kunye nobomi obufutshane. Izinto ezininzi, ezibandakanya i-diaphragms kunye ne-catalysts esetyenziswe kwi-alkaline, kunye ne-membrane kunye ne-porous transport layers ye-PEM, inokuchaphazeleka kakubi ngokungcola kwamanzi njengentsimbi, i-chromium, ubhedu, njl. cm kunye nekhabhoni ephilayo iyonke engaphantsi kwe-50μg/L.

 

Amanzi abalela isabelo esincinci sokusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye neendleko. Eyona meko imbi kakhulu kuzo zombini iiparamitha kukukhupha ityuwa emanzini. I-Reverse osmosis yeyona nto iphambili yetekhnoloji yokukhutshwa kwetyuwa emanzini, kubalelwa malunga neepesenti ezingama-70 zamandla ehlabathi. Itekhnoloji ixabisa i-$1900- $2000/m³/d kwaye inezinga lokufunda le-15%. Ngeli xabiso lotyalo-mali, ixabiso lonyango limalunga ne-$1/m³, kwaye linokuba sezantsi kwiindawo apho iindleko zombane ziphantsi.

 

Ukongeza, iindleko zokuthumela ngenqanawa ziyakunyuka malunga ne-1-2 yeedola ngem³. Nakule meko, iindleko zokunyanga amanzi zimalunga ne-$0.05 /kgH2. Ukubeka oku kumbono, ixabiso le-hydrogen ehlaziyiweyo linokuba yi-$ 2-3 / kgH2 ukuba izibonelelo ezilungileyo ezihlaziyiweyo zikhoyo, ngelixa ixabiso lomthombo oqhelekileyo li-$ 4-5 / kgH2.

 

Ngoko kule meko ingqongqo, amanzi abiza ngaphantsi kwe-2 ekhulwini yetotali. Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi olwandle kunokunyusa umthamo wamanzi afunyenwe ngama-2.5 ukuya kuma-5 amaxesha (ngokwemeko yokubuyisela).

 

Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla

Ukujonga ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okukhutshwa kwetyuwa, kuncinci kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nomthamo wombane ofunekayo ukufaka iseli ye-electrolytic. Iyunithi esebenzayo ye-reverse osmosis yangoku idla malunga ne-3.0 kW/m3. Ngokwahlukileyo, izityalo ze-thermal desalination zinokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu kakhulu, ukusuka kwi-40 ukuya kwi-80 KWH / m3, kunye neemfuno ezongezelelweyo zamandla ukusuka kwi-2.5 ukuya kwi-5 KWH / m3, kuxhomekeke kwi-teknoloji ye-desalination. Ukuthatha imeko yolondolozo (okt imfuno ephezulu yamandla) yeplanti yokudibanisa njengomzekelo, kuqikelelwa ukusetyenziswa kwempompo yobushushu, imfuno yamandla inokuguqulelwa malunga ne-0.7kWh/kg ye-hydrogen. Ukubeka oku ngokufanelekileyo, imfuno yombane yeseli ye-electrolytic imalunga ne-50-55kWh / kg, ngoko ke nakwimeko embi kakhulu, imfuno yamandla yokukhupha ityuwa malunga ne-1% yegalelo lilonke lamandla kwinkqubo.

 

Omnye umceli mngeni wokukhutshwa kwetyuwa kukulahlwa kwamanzi anetyuwa, anokuba neempembelelo kwindalo yaseLwandle yalapha. Le brine inokunyangwa ngakumbi ukunciphisa impembelelo yayo yokusingqongileyo, ngoko yongeza enye i-$ 0.6-2.40 /m³ kwiindleko zamanzi. Ukongeza, umgangatho wamanzi we-electrolytic ungqongqo kunamanzi okusela kwaye unokubangela iindleko eziphezulu zonyango, kodwa oku kusalindeleke ukuba kube kuncinci xa kuthelekiswa nokufakwa kwamandla.

Umzila wamanzi wamanzi we-electrolytic wokuvelisa i-hydrogen yiparameter yendawo ethile exhomekeke kubukho bamanzi asekuhlaleni, ukusetyenziswa, ukuthotywa kunye nongcoliseko. Ulungelelwaniso lwe-ecosystem kunye nefuthe leendlela zemozulu zexesha elide kufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kuya kuba ngumqobo omkhulu ekwandiseni i-hydrogen ehlaziyekayo.