Mvura yakawanda sei inopedzwa ne electrolysis
Danho rokutanga: Kugadzirwa kweHydrogen
Kushandiswa kwemvura kunobva pamatanho maviri: kugadzirwa kwehydrogen uye kukwidza simba rekutakura kugadzirwa. Pakugadzirwa kwehaidhirojeni, iyo shoma inoshandiswa yemvura ine electrolyzed ingangoita makirogiramu mapfumbamwe emvura pakirogiramu yehydrogen. Nekudaro, tichifunga nezve demineralization process yemvura, reshiyo iyi inogona kubva pa18 kusvika ku24 kilogiramu yemvura pakirogiramu yehydrogen, kana kutokwira se25.7 kusvika 30.2.
Kune iripo yekugadzira maitiro (methane steam reforming), iyo shoma mvura inoshandiswa ndeye 4.5kgH2O/kgH2 (inodiwa pakuita), uchifunga nezve nzira yemvura uye kutonhora, iyo shoma mvura inoshandiswa i6.4-32.2kgH2O/kgH2.
Danho rechipiri: Magetsi anovandudzwa kana gasi rechisikigo
Chimwe chikamu ndechekushandiswa kwemvura kugadzira magetsi anogona kuvandudzwa uye gasi rechisikigo. Kushandiswa kwemvura kwesimba rephotovoltaic kunosiyana pakati pe50-400 litres / MWh (2.4-19kgH2O/kgH2) uye iyo yemhepo simba pakati pe5-45 litres / MWh (0.2-2.1kgH2O/kgH2). Saizvozvo, kugadzirwa kwegasi kubva kune shale gasi (zvichienderana neUS data) inogona kuwedzerwa kubva 1.14kgH2O/kgH2 kusvika 4.9kgH2O/kgH2.
Mukupedzisa, avhareji yakazara mvura inoshandiswa yehydrogen inogadzirwa ne photovoltaic simba rekugadzira uye mhepo kugadzirwa kwesimba rinenge 32 uye 22kgH2O/kgH2, zvichiteerana. Izvo zvisina chokwadi zvinouya kubva kune solar radiation, hupenyu hwese uye silicon zvemukati. Kushandiswa kwemvura uku kuri pachiyero chakafanana chekugadzirwa kwehydrogen kubva kugasi rechisikigo (7.6-37 kgh2o /kgH2, ine avhareji ye22kgH2O/kgH2).
Yese yemvura tsoka: Yakadzika kana uchishandisa simba rinogoneka
Zvakafanana ne CO2 emissions, chinodiwa kune yakaderera mvura tsoka yenzira dze electrolytic kushandiswa kwesimba rinogoneka. Kana chikamu chiduku chemagetsi chichigadzirwa nemafuta emafuta, kushandiswa kwemvura kunobatanidza nemagetsi kwakakwirira kudarika mvura chaiyo inopedzwa panguva ye electrolysis.
Semuenzaniso, gasi simba rekugadzira rinogona kushandisa kusvika 2,500 litres / MWh yemvura. Ndiyo zvakare yakanakisa nyaya yefossil mafuta (gasi rechisikigo). Kana marasha gasi akatariswa, kugadzirwa kwehydrogen kunogona kushandisa 31-31.8kgH2O/kgH2 uye kugadzirwa kwemarasha kunogona kupedza 14.7kgH2O/kgH2. Kushandiswa kwemvura kubva kuphotovoltaics nemhepo kunotarisirwawo kudzikira nekufamba kwenguva sezvo nzira dzekugadzira dzichiwedzera kushanda nesimba uye kubuda kwesimba pachikamu chimwe chete chekuisa simba kunovandudza.
Yese kushandiswa kwemvura muna 2050
Nyika inotarisirwa kushandisa hydrogen yakawanda kakawanda mune ramangwana kupfuura zvayaiita nhasi. Semuyenzaniso, IRENA's World Energy Transitions Outlook inofungidzira kuti kudiwa kwehydrogen muna 2050 kunenge kuri 74EJ, iyo ingangoita zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvichabva kune renewable hydrogen. Nekuenzanisa, nhasi (yakachena hydrogen) ndeye 8.4EJ.
Kunyangwe dai electrolytic haidrojeni yaigona kusangana nehydrogen kudiwa kwegore rose ra2050, kushandiswa kwemvura kungangoita 25 bhiriyoni cubic metres. Nhamba iri pasi apa inoenzanisa nhamba iyi nedzimwe hova dzekushandisa mvura dzakagadzirwa nevanhu. Zvekurima zvinoshandisa huwandu hukuru hwe280 bhiriyoni cubic metres emvura, nepo indasitiri inoshandisa inoda kusvika 800 bhiriyoni cubic metres uye maguta anoshandisa 470 bhiriyoni cubic metres. Ikozvino kushandiswa kwemvura kwegasi rekugadzirisa gasi uye marasha gasification yekugadzirwa kwehydrogen inenge mabhiriyoni 1.5 cubic metres.
Nokudaro, kunyange zvazvo mvura yakawanda inotarisirwa kupedzwa nekuda kwekuchinja kwemaitiro e electrolytic uye kukura kudiwa, kushandiswa kwemvura kubva mukugadzirwa kwehydrogen kucharamba kuduku kudarika kumwe kuyerera kunoshandiswa nevanhu. Imwe pfungwa inotaura ndeyokuti pamunhu wese mvura inoshandiswa iri pakati pe75 (Luxembourg) ne1 200 (US) cubic metres pagore. Paavhareji ye400 m3 / (per capita * gore), yakazara hydrogen kugadzirwa muna 2050 yakaenzana neyenyika ine 62 miriyoni vanhu.
Imarii emvura uye kuti ingani simba rinoshandiswa
mutengo
Masero eElectrolytic anoda mvura yemhando yepamusoro uye anoda kurapwa kwemvura. Mvura yemhando yakaderera inotungamirira kukurumidza kuora uye hupenyu hupfupi. Zvinhu zvakawanda, kusanganisira diaphragms uye catalysts anoshandiswa mu alkaline, pamwe ne membranes uye porous transport layers yePEM, inogona kukanganiswa nekusvibiswa kwemvura zvakadai sesimbi, chromium, mhangura, nezvimwewo. Kufambisa kwemvura kunodiwa kuti ive isingasviki 1μS/ cm uye yakazara organic kabhoni isingasviki 50μg/L.
Mvura inotora chikamu chiduku chekushandiswa kwesimba uye mari. Iyo yakaipisisa-mamiriro ezvinhu kune ese ari maviri paramita ndeye desalination. Reverse osmosis ndiyo tekinoroji huru yekubvisa munyu, inoverengera ingangoita 70 muzana yehuwandu hwepasirese. Tekinoroji inodhura $1900- $2000 / m³/d uye ine chiyero chekudzidza che15%. Pamutengo wekudyara uyu, mutengo wekurapwa ungangoita $1/m³, uye unogona kunge wakadzikira munzvimbo dzine mutengo wemagetsi wakadzikira.
Pamusoro pezvo, mari yekutumira ichawedzera nemadhora 1-2 pa m³. Kunyange munyaya iyi, mari yekuchenesa mvura inenge madhora 0.05 / kgH2. Kuti uise izvi nenzira yakajeka, mari ye hydrogen inogona kudzorerwa inogona kuva $ 2-3 / kgH2 kana zvinhu zvakanaka zvinogona kudzorerwa zviripo, asi mari yevhareji ye $ 4-5 / kgH2.
Saka muchiitiko ichi chekuchengetedza, mvura inodhura isingasviki 2 muzana yehuwandu. Kushandiswa kwemvura yegungwa kunogona kuwedzera huwandu hwemvura yakadzorerwa ne2.5 kusvika ku5 nguva (maererano nekugadzirisa chinhu).
Simba rekushandisa
Tichitarisa mashandisirwo esimba rekubvisa munyu, zvakare idiki zvakanyanya kana zvichienzaniswa nehuwandu hwemagetsi anodiwa kuisa electrolytic cell. Ikozvino inoshanda reverse osmosis unit inoshandisa inenge 3.0 kW/m3. Kusiyana neizvi, zvinomera zvinopisa zvinopisa zvine simba rekushandisa zvakanyanya, kubva pa40 kusvika ku80 KWH/m3, nekuwedzera simba rinodiwa kubva pa2.5 kusvika ku5 KWH/m3, zvichienderana nehunyanzvi hwekubvisa salination. Tichitora iyo inochengetedza kesi (kureva yakakwira simba rekuda) yechirimwa chekubatanidza semuenzaniso, tichifungidzira kushandiswa kwepombi yekupisa, simba rinodiwa rinogona kushandurwa kuita 0.7kWh/kg yehydrogen. Kuti izvi zvinyatsojeka, kudiwa kwemagetsi kwesero re electrolytic kunosvika 50-55kWh/kg, saka kunyangwe mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa, simba rinodiwa rekubvisa salination rinenge 1% yesimba rese rekuisa kune system.
Rimwe dambudziko rekubvisa munyu nderekurasa mvura yemunyu, iyo inogona kukanganisa nharaunda dzeMarine ecosystem. Iyi brine inogona kurapwa zvakare kuderedza kukanganisa kwayo kwezvakatipoteredza, nekudaro kuwedzera imwe $ 0.6-2.40 /m³ kumutengo wemvura. Pamusoro pezvo, mhando yemvura ye electrolytic yakanyanya kuomarara kupfuura mvura yekunwa uye inogona kukonzera mutengo wekurapa wakakwira, asi izvi zvichiri kutarisirwa kuve diki kana zvichienzaniswa nekuisa simba.
Iyo yemvura tsoka yemvura ye electrolytic yekugadzirwa kwehydrogen inzvimbo chaiyo yenzvimbo inoenderana nekuwanikwa kwemvura yemuno, kushandiswa, kushatisa uye kusvibiswa. Kuenzana kwezvipenyu uye kukanganisa kwemamiriro ekunze kwenguva refu kunofanirwa kutariswa. Kushandiswa kwemvura kuchave chipingamupinyi chikuru pakuwedzera hydrogen inogoneka.
Nguva yekutumira: Mar-08-2023