1.Ingufu za hydrogène ni iki
Hydrogen, numero ya mbere yibintu mumeza yigihe, ifite umubare muto wa proton, imwe gusa. Atome ya hydrogen nayo ntoya kandi yoroshye muri atome zose. Hydrogen igaragara ku isi cyane cyane muburyo bwahujwe, ikigaragara muri byo ni amazi, akaba ari ibintu bikwirakwizwa cyane mu isanzure.
Hydrogen ifite agaciro gakomeye cyane. Gereranya ubwinshi bwubushyuhe butangwa mugutwika misa imwe ya gaze gasanzwe, lisansi na hydrogen:
Mu bihe bimwe,
Gutwika garama 1 ya gaze gasanzwe, ukurikije ibipimo, kilojoules zigera kuri 55.81;
Gutwika garama 1 ya lisansi itanga kilojoul hafi 48.4;
Gutwika garama 1 ya hydrogène itanga hafi kilojoules 142.9 yubushyuhe.
Gutwika hydrogène bitanga ubushyuhe bwikubye kabiri 2.56 na gaze karemano hamwe nubushyuhe bwa 2,95. Ntabwo bigoye kubona muri aya makuru ko hydrogen ifite ibintu byibanze bya lisansi nziza - agaciro gakomeye ko gutwikwa!
Ingufu za hydrogène ahanini ni iz'ingufu za kabiri, icyangombwa ni ukumenya niba logique, ikoranabuhanga n'ubukungu bifite akamaro n'agaciro k'uburinganire bw’ibidukikije, imiyoborere y’ibidukikije n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Ingufu zicyiciro cya kabiri ni ihuriro rinini hagati yingufu zambere n’abakoresha ingufu, kandi rishobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bibiri: kimwe ni "isoko yimikorere", ikindi ni "ingufu zirimo ingufu z'umubiri". Ntagushidikanya ko ingufu z'amashanyarazi arizo zikoreshwa cyane "isoko yimikorere", mugihe lisansi, mazutu na kerosene aribyo bikoreshwa cyane "isoko yingufu".
Duhereye ku buryo bwumvikana, kubera ko "imikorere yimikorere" bigoye kubikwa muburyo butaziguye, ibinyabiziga bitwara abantu bigezweho bifite umuvuduko mwinshi, nk'imodoka, amato n'indege, ntibishobora gukoresha ingufu nyinshi z'amashanyarazi ziva mumashanyarazi. Ahubwo, barashobora gukoresha gusa imbaraga nyinshi "ingufu zirimo ingufu" nka lisansi, mazutu, kerosene yindege hamwe na gaze gasanzwe.
Nyamara, imigenzo ntishobora guhoraho, kandi imigenzo ntishobora guhora yumvikana. Hamwe no kuzamuka no guteza imbere ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi nibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi bivangavanze, "imikorere yimikorere" irashobora kandi gusimbuza "ingufu zirimo ingufu". Dukurikije ibitekerezo byumvikana, hamwe no gukomeza gukoresha ingufu z’ibinyabuzima, amaherezo umutungo uzashira, kandi byanze bikunze “ingufu zirimo ingufu” zizagaragara, muri zo ingufu za hydrogène nizo zihagarariye.
Hydrogen ni nyinshi muri kamere, ikaba igizwe na 75 ku ijana by'ubunini bw'isi. Iraboneka cyane mu kirere, amazi, ibicanwa biva mu bwoko bwa karubone.
Hydrogen ifite imikorere myiza yo gutwika, ingingo yo gutwika cyane, intera yagutse, kandi yihuta. Urebye agaciro ka calorificique no gutwikwa, hydrogen rwose ni ingufu nziza kandi nziza. Byongeye kandi, hydrogen ubwayo ntabwo ari uburozi. Usibye kubyara amazi hamwe na nitride ya hydrogène nkeya nyuma yo gutwikwa, ntabwo bizana umwanda wangiza ibidukikije n'ibidukikije, kandi nta mwuka wa karuboni uhari. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ingufu za hydrogène ni iz'ingufu zisukuye, zifite akamaro kanini mu micungire y’ibidukikije no kugabanya imyuka ya gaze karuboni. 、
2. Uruhare rwingufu za hydrogen
Ingufu za hydrogène zifite urunigi runini rwinganda zirimo gutegura hydrogène, kubika, gutwara no gutwika, selile ya lisansi nibisabwa.
Mu kubyara amashanyarazi, ingufu za hydrogène zirashobora gukoreshwa mu gutanga amashanyarazi asukuye kugira ngo habeho guhuza ingufu no gukemura ikibazo cyo kubura amashanyarazi mu masaha yo hejuru.
Mu gushyushya, ingufu za hydrogène zishobora kuvangwa na gaze karemano, ikaba ari imwe mu masoko make ya karubone nkeya ishobora guhangana na gaze karemano mugihe kizaza.
Mu rwego rw’indege, zisohora toni zirenga miliyoni 900 za dioxyde de carbone buri mwaka, ingufu za hydrogène ninzira nyamukuru yo guteza imbere indege nkeya.
Mu rwego rwa gisirikare, selile ya hydrogène irashobora gukoreshwa murwego rwa gisirikare ifite ibyiza byo guceceka, irashobora gutanga ingufu zihoraho, zihindura ingufu nyinshi, nikintu gikomeye cyubujura bwamazi.
Imodoka zitanga ingufu za hydrogène, ibinyabiziga bitanga ingufu za hydrogène bifite imikorere myiza yo gutwika, gutwikwa byihuse, agaciro gakomeye cyane, ububiko bwinshi nibindi byiza. Ingufu za hydrogène zifite amasoko menshi kandi zikoreshwa, zishobora kugabanya neza igipimo cy’ingufu z’ibinyabuzima.
Kuzamura urwego rwiterambere ryiterambere no guteza imbere ingufu za hydrogène nigikorwa cyingenzi cyubaka sisitemu yo gutanga ingufu "nyinshi zuzuzanya", nimbaraga zikomeye zo guhindura ingufu no kuzamura.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Apr-19-2023