Ni bangahe amazi akoreshwa na electrolysis？

Ni bangahe amazi akoreshwa na electrolysis

Intambwe ya mbere: Umusaruro wa hydrogen

Gukoresha amazi biva mu ntambwe ebyiri: umusaruro wa hydrogène hamwe n’umusaruro utwara ingufu zitwara ingufu. Kubyara hydrogène, byibuze gukoresha amazi ya electrolyzed ni hafi ibiro 9 byamazi kuri kilo ya hydrogen. Ariko, urebye uburyo bwo gutandukanya amazi, iki gipimo gishobora kuva ku kilo 18 kugeza kuri 24 cyamazi kuri kilo ya hydrogène, cyangwa ndetse ikagera kuri 25.7 kugeza 30.2..

 

Kubikorwa bihari (kuvugurura metani metani), gukoresha amazi byibuze ni 4.5kgH2O / kgH2 (bisabwa kugirango habeho reaction), urebye amazi yatunganijwe no gukonjesha, amazi ntarengwa ni 6.4-32.2kgH2O / kgH2.

 

Intambwe ya 2: Inkomoko y'ingufu (amashanyarazi ashobora kuvugururwa cyangwa gaze gasanzwe)

Ikindi kintu ni ugukoresha amazi kugirango habeho amashanyarazi mashya na gaze gasanzwe. Amazi akoresha ingufu za Photovoltaque aratandukanye hagati ya litiro 50-400 / MWh (2,4-19kgH2O / kgH2) hamwe nimbaraga zumuyaga uri hagati ya litiro 5-45 / MWh (0.2-2.1kgH2O / kgH2). Mu buryo nk'ubwo, umusaruro wa gaze uva muri gaze ya shale (ukurikije amakuru yo muri Amerika) urashobora kwiyongera kuva kuri 1.14kgH2O / kgH2 ukagera kuri 4.9kgH2O / kgH2.

 

Mu gusoza, ikigereranyo cyo gukoresha amazi ya hydrogène ikomoka ku mashanyarazi y’amashanyarazi no kubyara ingufu z'umuyaga ni 32 na 22kgH2O / kgH2. Ibidashidikanywaho bituruka ku mirasire y'izuba, ubuzima bwose n'ibirimo silikoni. Uku gukoresha amazi kurwego rumwe nubunini bwa hydrogène ikomoka kuri gaze karemano (7,6-37 kgh2o / kgH2, ugereranije 22kgH2O / kgH2).

 

Ikirenge cyose cyamazi: Hasi mugihe ukoresheje ingufu zishobora kubaho

Kimwe n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere cya CO2, icyangombwa kugirango amazi make agere ku nzira ya electrolytike ni ugukoresha amasoko y’ingufu zishobora kubaho. Niba agace gato k'amashanyarazi kakozwe hakoreshejwe ibicanwa biva mu kirere, gukoresha amazi ajyanye n'amashanyarazi birenze cyane amazi nyayo yakoreshejwe mugihe cya electrolysis.

 

Kurugero, ingufu za gaze zirashobora gukoresha litiro 2,500 / MWh y'amazi. Nibintu byiza cyane kubicanwa bya gaze (gaze gasanzwe). Niba hashyizweho gaze yamakara, umusaruro wa hydrogène urashobora gukoresha 31-31.8kgH2O / kgH2 naho umusaruro wamakara urashobora gukoresha 14.7kgH2O / kgH2. Ikoreshwa ry'amazi aturuka ku mafoto y’umuyaga n’umuyaga nabyo biteganijwe ko bizagabanuka uko ibihe bigenda bisimburana mugihe ibikorwa byo gukora bigenda neza kandi umusaruro ukomoka kuri buri gice cyubushobozi bwashyizweho uratera imbere.

 

Amazi yose yakoreshejwe muri 2050

Isi iteganijwe gukoresha hydrogène inshuro nyinshi mugihe kizaza kuruta uko ikoresha uyumunsi. Kurugero, IRENA's World Energy Transitions Outlook igereranya ko hydrogène ikenerwa muri 2050 izaba hafi 74EJ, muri yo hafi bibiri bya gatatu bizava muri hydrogène ishobora kuvugururwa. Mugereranije, uyumunsi (hydrogen nziza) ni 8.4EJ.

 

Nubwo hydrogène electrolytike ishobora guhaza hydrogène ikenewe muri 2050 yose, gukoresha amazi byaba hafi metero kibe 25. Igishushanyo gikurikira kigereranya iyi shusho nizindi nzuzi zikoreshwa namazi. Ubuhinzi bukoresha amazi menshi angana na miliyari 280 z'amazi, mu gihe inganda zikoresha metero kibe hafi 800 naho imijyi ikoresha metero kibe 470. Kugeza ubu amazi akoreshwa mu kuvugurura gaze karemano no gukwirakwiza amakara ya hydrogène ni metero kibe miliyari 1.5.

Kubwibyo, nubwo biteganijwe ko amazi menshi azakoreshwa bitewe nimpinduka zinzira ya electrolytike hamwe n’ibikenerwa byiyongera, gukoresha amazi ava mu musaruro wa hydrogène bizakomeza kuba bito cyane kuruta andi masoko akoreshwa n’abantu. Indi ngingo yerekanwe ni uko umuturage akoresha amazi ari hagati ya 75 (Luxembourg) na metero kibe 1200 (US) ku mwaka. Ugereranije, m3 / (kuri buri muntu * umwaka), umusaruro wa hydrogène wose mu 2050 uhwanye n’igihugu gituwe na miliyoni 62.

 

Amazi angahe ningufu zikoreshwa

 

igiciro

Ingirabuzimafatizo zikenera amazi meza kandi zisaba gutunganya amazi. Amazi meza yo hasi atera kwangirika vuba nubuzima bugufi. Ibintu byinshi, harimo diaphragms na catalizator zikoreshwa muri alkaline, kimwe na membrane hamwe nu byerekezo bitwara abantu bya PEM, birashobora kwanduzwa nabi n’umwanda w’amazi nka fer, chromium, umuringa, nibindi. Amazi asabwa kuba munsi ya 1μS / cm na karubone kama yose iri munsi ya 50μg / L.

 

Amazi afite uruhare runini mugukoresha ingufu nigiciro. Ikintu kibi cyane-kubintu byombi ni desalination. Reverse osmose nubuhanga nyamukuru bwo gusibanganya, bingana na 70% byubushobozi bwisi. Ikoranabuhanga rigura $ 1900- $ 2000 / m³ / d kandi rifite igipimo cyo kwigira cya 15%. Kuri iki giciro cyishoramari, ikiguzi cyo kuvura ni $ 1 / m³, kandi gishobora kuba gito mubice aho amashanyarazi ari make.

 

Byongeye kandi, ibicuruzwa byoherezwa biziyongera hafi $ 1-2 kuri m³. No muriki gihe, amafaranga yo gutunganya amazi ni $ 0.05 / kgH2. Kugira ngo tubyerekane neza, ikiguzi cya hydrogène gishobora kuvugururwa gishobora kuba $ 2-3 / kgH2 niba umutungo mwiza ushobora kuvugururwa uhari, mugihe ikiguzi cyumutungo ugereranije ari $ 4-5 / kgH2.

 

Muri ibi bihe rero byo kubungabunga ibidukikije, amazi yatwara munsi ya 2 ku ijana yose hamwe. Gukoresha amazi yinyanja birashobora kongera amazi yagaruwe inshuro 2,5 kugeza kuri 5 (mubijyanye no gukira).

 

Gukoresha ingufu

Urebye gukoresha ingufu za desalination, nayo ni nto cyane ugereranije numubare w'amashanyarazi ukenewe kugirango winjize selile ya electrolytike. Igice gikora reaction osmose ikoresha hafi 3.0 kWt / m3. Ibinyuranye na byo, ibihingwa bivamo amashyuza bifite ingufu nyinshi zikoreshwa cyane, kuva kuri 40 kugeza kuri 80 KWH / m3, hamwe n’ingufu ziyongera ziva kuri 2,5 kugeza kuri 5 KWH / m3, bitewe n’ikoranabuhanga ryangiza. Dufashe urugero rwibidukikije (ni ukuvuga ingufu zikenewe cyane) z uruganda rwa cogeneration nkurugero, tuvuze ko hakoreshejwe pompe yubushyuhe, ingufu zikenerwa zahindurwa nka 0.7kWh / kg ya hydrogen. Kugira ngo tubyerekane neza, amashanyarazi akenerwa na selile ya electrolytike agera kuri 50-55kWh / kg, bityo rero no mubihe bibi cyane, ingufu zikenerwa mukunywa ni hafi 1% yingufu zose zinjira muri sisitemu.

 

Imwe mu mbogamizi zoguhindura imyanda ni uguta amazi yumunyu, ushobora kugira ingaruka kubidukikije by’ibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja. Iyi brine irashobora gukomeza kuvurwa kugirango igabanye ingaruka z’ibidukikije, bityo hiyongeraho andi $ 0.6-2.40 / m³ ku giciro cy’amazi. Byongeye kandi, ubwiza bw’amazi ya electrolytike burakomeye kuruta amazi yo kunywa kandi bushobora kuvamo amafaranga menshi yo kuvura, ariko ibi biracyateganijwe ko ari bito ugereranije n’amashanyarazi.

Ikirenge cyamazi yamazi ya electrolytike kugirango umusaruro wa hydrogène ni ikintu cyihariye kigaragara bitewe n’amazi yaho aboneka, ikoreshwa, iyangirika n’umwanda. Hagomba kurebwa uburinganire bw’ibinyabuzima n’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Gukoresha amazi bizaba inzitizi ikomeye yo kwagura hydrogène ishobora kuvugururwa.