Dukoresha igihe- na angle-byakemuwe na fotoemission spekitroscopi (tr-ARPES) kugirango dukore iperereza kuri transfert yishyurwa muri epitaxial heterostructure ikozwe na monolayer WS2 na graphene. Iyi heterostructure ihuza inyungu za semiconductor itandukanijwe itaziguye hamwe na spin-orbit ihuza imbaraga hamwe n’imikoranire ikomeye yumucyo hamwe na semimetal yakira abatwara misa hamwe ningendo ndende cyane kandi ikazenguruka igihe kirekire. Turabona ko, nyuma yo kwifotoza kuri resonance kuri A-exciton muri WS2, ibyobo byafotowe byihuta byinjira mubice bya graphene mugihe electroni zifotora ziguma muri WS2. Ibisubizo bivamo-gutandukana byinzibacyuho leta isanga ifite ubuzima bwa ∼1 ps. Ibyo twabonye tubitandukanya kubitandukanya umwanya wo guterwa no guhuza guhuza WS2 na bande ya graphene nkuko byagaragajwe na ARPES ihanitse cyane. Hamwe na spin-selitiki optique ishimishije, iperereza ryakozwe WS2 / graphene heterostructure irashobora gutanga urubuga rwo gutera inshinge nziza muri graphene.
Kuboneka kw'ibikoresho byinshi bitandukanye-byafunguye uburyo bwo gukora udushya amaherezo ya heterostructures hamwe nibikorwa bishya rwose bishingiye ku gusuzuma dielectric yerekanwe hamwe n'ingaruka zitandukanye ziterwa no kuba hafi (1-3). Ibikoresho byemeza-ibikoresho-bizaza mubikorwa bya elegitoroniki na optoelectronics byaragaragaye (4-6).
Hano, turibanda kuri epitaxial van der Waals heterostructures igizwe na monolayeri WS2, icyuma gitandukanya icyuho cya semiconductor hamwe na spin-orbit ihuza imbaraga hamwe no kuzunguruka kwinshi kugabana imiterere ya bande kubera guhuza inversion (7), na monolayer graphene, semimetal. hamwe na bande ya conical hamwe nubwikorezi bukabije cyane (8), ikura kuri hydrogen yarangiye SiC (0001). Ibimenyetso byambere byo kwimura ultrafast (9-15) hamwe ningaruka ziterwa na spin-orbit guhuza (16-18) bituma WS2 / graphene nibindi bisa na heterostructures byizeza abakandida kuri optoelectronic (19) hamwe na optospintronic (20).
Twiyemeje kwerekana inzira zo kwidagadura zifotora ya elegitoroniki-mwobo muri WS2 / graphene hamwe nigihe-na-byakemuwe na fotoemission spectroscopy (tr-ARPES). Kubwiyo ntego, dushimishijwe na heterostructure hamwe na 2-eV pompe pompe yumvikana kuri A-exciton muri WS2 (21, 12) hanyuma dusohora amafoto ya elegitoronike hamwe nubwa kabiri yatinze iperereza ryimbaraga za 26-eV. Tugena ingufu za kinetic hamwe nogusohora kwifoto ya elegitoronike hamwe nisesengura ryimisozi nkigikorwa cyo gutinda kwa pompe-probe kugirango tubone imbaraga-, imbaraga-, nigihe gikemurwa ningendo zitwara. Ingufu nigihe cyo gukemura ni 240 meV na 200 fs.
Ibisubizo byacu bitanga gihamya itaziguye yo kohereza amafaranga ya ultrafast hagati yicyiciro cyahujwe na epitaxically, yemeza ibimenyetso byambere bishingiye kubuhanga bwa optique muburyo busa bwakusanyirijwe hamwe na heterostructures hamwe na azimuthal ihuza ibice (9-15). Mubyongeyeho, twerekana ko aya mafaranga yimurwa adasanzwe. Ibipimo byacu byerekana mbere yigihe kitagenzuwe cyatandukanijwe na leta yinzibacyuho hamwe na electroni zifotora hamwe nu mwobo biri muri WS2 na graphene, bikomeza kubaho kuri ps1 ps. Turasobanura ibyo twabonye mubijyanye no gutandukanya ikwirakwizwa ryicyiciro cya elegitoronike no guhererekanya umwobo biterwa no guhuza ugereranije na WS2 hamwe na bande ya graphene nkuko byagaragajwe na ARPES ikemurwa cyane. Hamwe na spin- na Valley-hitamo optique ishimishije (22-25) WS2 / graphene heterostructures irashobora gutanga urubuga rushya rwo gutera inshinge nziza za ultrafast optique muri graphene.
Igishushanyo 1A cyerekana ibipimo bihanitse bya ARPES byabonetse hamwe n'itara rya helium yimiterere ya bande kuruhande rwa ΓK-icyerekezo cya epitaxial WS2 / graphene heterostructure. Umuyoboro wa Dirac usanga ufite umwobo wuzuye hamwe na point ya Dirac iherereye ∼0.3 eV hejuru yubushobozi bwa chimique iringaniye. Hejuru ya spin-split WS2 valence bande isanga ∼1.2 eV munsi yubushobozi bwa chimique iringaniye.
. . Imirongo yijimye yijimye kandi itukura iranga umwanya wimyirondoro yumurongo ikoreshwa mugukuramo imyanya yimpinga yinzibacyuho ku gishushanyo cya 2. ya 2 mJ / cm2. Kwunguka no gutakaza amafoto yerekana amashanyarazi atukura nubururu. Agasanduku kerekana agace ko guhuriza hamwe ibimenyetso bya pompe-probe bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 3.
Igicapo 1B cerekana ishusho ya tr-ARPES yerekana imiterere ya bande yegereye WS2 na graphene K-amanota yapimwe na 100-fs ikabije ya ultraviolet pulses kuri 26-eV ya fotone ya ingufu za pompe-probe itinze mbere yuko pompe itangira. Hano, kugabana kuzunguruka ntabwo byakemuwe kubera kwangirika kwicyitegererezo no kuba hari pompe ya 2-eV itera impanuka yumwanya wagutse yibiranga ibintu. Igishushanyo 1C cyerekana impinduka zatewe na pompe zifotora zijyanye nigishushanyo cya 1B mugihe cya pompe-probe yatinze 200 fs aho ikimenyetso cya pompe-probe kigera kurwego rwo hejuru. Amabara atukura n'ubururu yerekana inyungu no gutakaza amafoto ya elegitoronike.
Kugirango dusesengure imbaraga zikungahaye muburyo burambuye, tubanze tumenye imyanya yimpera yinzibacyuho ya WS2 valence band hamwe na graphene π-bande kumurongo ucagaguye ku gishushanyo 1B nkuko byasobanuwe muburyo burambuye mubikoresho by'inyongera. Turabona ko WS2 ya bande ya valence yazamutseho meV 90 (Igishusho 2A) naho graphene band-bande iramanuka kuri meV 50 (Ishusho 2B). Ubuzima bwa exponential ubuzima bwibi bisobanuro ni 1.2 ± 0.1 ps kumurongo wa valence band ya WS2 na 1.7 ± 0.3 ps kuri graphene π-band. Ihinduka rya mpinga ritanga ibimenyetso byambere byerekana kwishyuza byigihe gito ibice byombi, aho amafaranga yinyongera (mabi) yiyongera (agabanuka) ingufu zihuza ibihugu bya elegitoroniki. Menya ko kuzamura umurongo wa WS2 valence ishinzwe ibimenyetso byingenzi bya pompe-probe mukarere karangwa nagasanduku kirabura kumashusho 1C.
Guhindura mumwanya wimpera ya WS2 valence band (A) na graphene π-band (B) nkigikorwa cyo gutinda kwa pompe-probe hamwe hamwe na fonctionnement (imirongo yimbitse). Ubuzima bwa WS2 ihinduka muri (A) ni 1.2 ± 0.1 ps. Ubuzima bwa graphene ihinduka muri (B) ni 1.7 ± 0.3 ps.
Ibikurikira, duhuza ibimenyetso bya pompe-probe hejuru yibice byerekanwe nudusanduku twamabara kumashusho 1C hanyuma tugategura kubara ibisubizo nkibikorwa byo gutinda kwa pompe-shusho ku gishushanyo cya 3. Umurongo wa 1 ku gishushanyo cya 3 werekana imbaraga za abatwara amafoto bashimishije hafi yumurongo wumurongo wa WS2 hamwe nubuzima bwa 1.1 ± 0.1 ps byabonetse bivuye kumurongo uhuza amakuru (reba Ibikoresho byiyongera).
Ikimenyetso cya pompe-probe nkigikorwa cyo gutinda cyabonetse muguhuza amafoto hejuru yakarere kagaragajwe nagasanduku kumashusho 1C. Imirongo yijimye irahuye namakuru. Gukata (1) Abatwara igihe gito mumashanyarazi ya WS2. Gukata (2) Ikimenyetso cya pompe-probe ya band-bande ya graphene hejuru yubushobozi bwa chimique iringaniye. Gukata (3) Ikimenyetso cya pompe-probe ya band-bande ya graphene munsi yubushobozi bwa chimique iringaniye. Gukata (4) Ikimenyetso cya pompe-probe muri valence band ya WS2. Igihe cyubuzima gisanga ari 1.2 ± 0.1 ps muri (1), 180 ± 20 fs (inyungu) na ∼2 ps (igihombo) muri (2), na 1.8 ± 0.2 ps muri (3).
Ku murongo wa 2 n'uwa 3 z'ishusho ya 3, twerekana ibimenyetso bya pompe-probe ya graphene π-band. Turabona ko inyungu za electron hejuru yubushobozi bwa chimique iringaniye (umurongo wa 2 ku gishushanyo cya 3) ifite igihe gito cyane cyo kubaho (180 ± 20 fs) ugereranije no gutakaza electron munsi yubushobozi bwa chimique iringaniye (1.8 ± 0.2 ps kumurongo wa 3) Igishushanyo 3). Byongeye, inyungu yambere ya fotokurrent kumurongo wa 2 yishusho ya 3 isanga ihinduka igihombo kuri t = 400 fs hamwe nubuzima bwa ∼2 ps. Asimmetrie hagati yinyungu nigihombo isanga idahari mubimenyetso bya pompe-probe ya graphene ya monolayeri itavumbuwe (reba igishushanyo cya S5 mubikoresho byinyongera), byerekana ko asimmetrie ari ingaruka ziterwa no guhuza imikoranire muri WS2 / graphene heterostructure. Kwihweza inyungu zigihe gito no gutakaza igihe kirekire hejuru no munsi yubushobozi bwa chimique iringaniye, byerekana ko electron zivanwa muburyo bwa graphene nyuma yo gufotora kwa heterostructure. Nkigisubizo, igipimo cya graphene gihinduka neza, ibyo bikaba bihuye no kwiyongera kwingufu zihuza π-bande iboneka ku gishushanyo 2B. Kugabanuka kwa π-bande bivanaho umurizo wingufu nyinshi zingero zingana na Fermi-Dirac ikwirakwizwa hejuru yubushobozi bwa chimique iringaniye, ibyo bikaba bisobanura igice cyo guhindura ibimenyetso byikimenyetso cya pompe-probe kumurongo wa 2 yishusho 3. Tuzabikora. erekana hepfo ko iyi ngaruka irusheho kunozwa no gutakaza byigihe gito cya electron muri π-band.
Iki kintu gishyigikiwe na net ya pompe-probe ya bande ya WS2 ya valence umurongo wa 4 wigishushanyo cya 3. Aya makuru yabonetse muguhuza ibara hejuru yakarere katanzwe nagasanduku kirabura kumashusho 1B ifata electron zifotowe kuva umurongo wa valence kuri pompe-probe zose zitinda. Mubigeragezo byikosa ryibigeragezo, dusanga nta kimenyetso cyerekana ko hari ibyobo muri bande ya valence ya WS2 kubitindaho pompe-probe. Ibi byerekana ko, nyuma yo gufotora, ibyo byobo byuzuzwa byihuse mugihe gito ugereranije nicyemezo cyigihe gito.
Kugirango dutange gihamya yanyuma kuri hypothesis yo gutandukanya ultrafast kwishyurwa muri WS2 / graphene heterostructure, turagena umubare wibyobo byimuriwe murwego rwa graphene nkuko byasobanuwe muburyo burambuye mubikoresho by'inyongera. Muri make, gukwirakwiza byigihe cya elegitoronike ya band-band yashyizwemo gukwirakwiza Fermi-Dirac. Umubare wibyobo noneho wabazwe uhereye kubisubizo byatanzwe kubushobozi bwimiti yigihe gito nubushyuhe bwa elegitoronike. Ibisubizo byerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 4. Turabona ko umubare wuzuye ∼5 × 1012 umwobo / cm2 wimuwe uva WS2 ukajya kuri graphene hamwe nubuzima bwa 1.5 ± 0.2 ps.
Guhindura umubare wibyobo muri band-bande nkigikorwa cyo gutinda kwa pompe-probe hamwe hamwe na exponential fit itanga ubuzima bwa 1.5 ± 0.2 ps.
Duhereye kubyavuye mu gishushanyo. 2 kugeza 4, ishusho ya microscopique ikurikira yo kohereza ultrafast yishyurwa muri WS2 / graphene heterostructure igaragara (Ishusho 5). Ifoto yerekana WS2 / graphene heterostructure kuri 2 eV yiganjemo A-exciton muri WS2 (Ishusho 5A). Ibindi byishimo bya elegitoronike hejuru ya Dirac point muri graphene kimwe no hagati ya WS2 na bande ya graphene birashoboka cyane ariko ntibikora neza. Imyobo ifotowe mumurongo wa valence bande ya WS2 yuzuzwa na electron zikomoka kuri graphene band-bande mugihe gito ugereranije nicyemezo cyigihe gito (Ishusho 5A). Ifoto ya elegitoronike yifotoje mumatsinda ya WS2 ifite ubuzima bwa ∼1 ps (Ishusho 5B). Ariko, bisaba ∼2 ps kugirango wuzuze umwobo uri muri graphene band-bande (Ishusho 5B). Ibi byerekana ko, usibye kohereza electroni itaziguye hagati ya WS2 itwara umurongo na graphene band-bande, inzira zinyongera zo kwidagadura - bishoboka binyuze muri leta zifite inenge (26) - zigomba gusuzumwa kugirango zumve imbaraga zuzuye.
(A) Ifoto yerekana amajwi kuri WS2 A-exciton kuri 2 eV itera electron mumashanyarazi ya WS2. Imyobo ijyanye na valence band ya WS2 ihita yuzuzwa na electron ziva muri graphene π-band. . Imyobo yo muri graphene band-band ibaho kuri ∼2 ps, byerekana akamaro k'imiyoboro yinyongera ikwirakwizwa yerekanwa nimyambi yacagaguye. Imirongo irambuye yumukara muri (A) na (B) yerekana guhinduranya imirongo nimpinduka mubushobozi bwimiti. (C) Mugihe cyinzibacyuho, urwego WS2 rwishyuzwa nabi mugihe graphene yashizwemo neza. Kubyishimo byizunguruka hamwe nurumuri ruzengurutse uruziga, electroni zifotora zifotora muri WS2 hamwe nu mwobo uhuye na graphene byitezwe kwerekana kuzenguruka kuzenguruka.
Muri leta yinzibacyuho, electroni zifotora ziba mumurongo wa WS2 mugihe ibyobo bifotora biri muri π-bande ya graphene (Ishusho 5C). Ibi bivuze ko urwego WS2 rwishyuzwa nabi kandi graphene igaragara neza. Ibi bibara impinduka zinzibacyuho (Isanamu 2), asimmetrie yikimenyetso cya graphene pump-probe (umurongo wa 2 na 3 wigishushanyo cya 3), kubura ibyobo mumurongo wa valence ya WS2 (umurongo wa 4 Ishusho 3) , kimwe n’imyobo yinyongera muri graphene band-bande (Ishusho 4). Ubuzima bwiyi leta yatandukanijwe ni ∼1 ps (umurongo 1 Igishusho 3).
Ibintu nkibi bitandukanijwe ninzibacyuho byagaragaye muri heterostructures ya van der Waals ikozwe muri semiconductor ebyiri-itandukanijwe itandukanijwe hamwe nubwoko bwa II ihuza imirongo hamwe na bande (27-32). Nyuma yo gufotora, electron hamwe nu mwobo wasangaga byimuka byihuse munsi yumurongo wogutwara no hejuru yumurongo wa valence, biri mubice bitandukanye bya heterostructure (27-32).
Kubijyanye na WS2 / graphene heterostructure, ahantu heza cyane ingufu za electroni nu mwobo ni kurwego rwa Fermi murwego rwa graphene metallic. Kubwibyo, umuntu yakwitega ko electroni nu mwobo byimura byihuse kuri graphene π-band. Nyamara, ibipimo byacu byerekana neza ko kwimura umwobo (<200 fs) bikora neza kuruta kohereza electron (∼1 ps). Ibi tubyitirira guhuza imbaraga za WS2 hamwe na bande ya graphene nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo 1A gitanga umubare munini wibihugu byanyuma byo kwimura umwobo ugereranije no kohereza electron nkuko byari byateganijwe na (14, 15). Muri iki gihe, ukurikije ∼2 eV WS2 bandgap, ingingo ya graphene Dirac hamwe nubushobozi bwa chimique iringaniye iri hagati ya 0.5 na ∼0.2 eV hejuru yumurongo wa WS2, bikuraho ibice bya electron-umwobo. Turabona ko umubare wibintu byanyuma biboneka kugirango wohereze umwobo wikubye inshuro 6 ugereranije no kohereza electron (reba Ibikoresho byiyongera), niyo mpamvu biteganijwe ko kwimura umwobo byihuta kuruta kohereza electron.
Ishusho yuzuye ya microscopique yerekana kwishyurwa ultrafast asimmetric yishyurwa igomba, ariko, nanone, gutekereza ku guhuza hagati ya orbitals bigize imikorere ya A-exciton wave muri WS2 na graphene band-band, bitandukanye, electron-electron na electron-fonon ikwirakwiza imiyoboro irimo inzitizi zashyizweho nimbaraga, ingufu, kuzunguruka, no kubungabunga pseudospin, ingaruka ziterwa na plasma oscillations (33), hamwe nuruhare rushoboka rwo kwimurwa kwimuka ya coherent fonon ihindagurika ishobora guhuza ihererekanyabubasha (34, 35). Na none, umuntu ashobora gutahura niba uburyo bwo kohereza amafaranga bwagaragaye bugizwe na moteri yo kwishyuza cyangwa kubuntu bwa elegitoroniki yubusa (reba Ibikoresho byiyongera). Iperereza ryimbitse rirenze urugero rwimpapuro zirasabwa gusobanura neza ibyo bibazo.
Muncamake, twakoresheje tr-ARPES kugirango twige ultrafast interlayer yishyuza amafaranga muri epitaxial WS2 / graphene heterostructure. Twasanze ko, iyo dushimishijwe na resonance kuri A-exciton ya WS2 kuri 2 eV, ibyobo bifotora byihuta byinjira muri graphene mugihe electroni zifotora ziguma muri WS2. Ibi twabyitiriye ko umubare wibintu byanyuma biboneka kugirango wohereze umwobo ari munini kuruta kohereza electron. Ubuzima bwigihe cyamafaranga yatandukanijwe nigihe gito wasangaga ari ∼1 ps. Hamwe na spin-selitiki optique ishimishije ukoresheje urumuri ruzengurutse urumuri (22-25), iyimurwa rya ultrafast ryagaragaye rishobora guherekezwa no kuzunguruka. Muri iki gihe, iperereza ryakozwe na WS2 / graphene heterostructure rishobora gukoreshwa mugutera inshinge nziza za optique muri graphene bikavamo ibikoresho bya optospintronic.
Ingero za graphene zahinzwe ku bucuruzi bwa semiconducting 6H-SiC (0001) yo muri SiCrystal GmbH. Waferi ya N-ikoporora yari kuri axis hamwe na nabi munsi ya 0.5 °. SiC substrate yari hydrogène yashizwemo kugirango ikureho ibishushanyo kandi ibone amaterasi asanzwe. Ubuso busukuye kandi butunganijwe bwa Si-bwarangiye noneho bwashushanyijeho guhuza icyitegererezo mu kirere cya Ar kuri 1300 ° C kuri min 8 (36). Ubu buryo, twabonye urwego rumwe rwa karubone aho buri karubone ya karubone ya gatatu yashizeho umurongo uhuza na SiC substrate (37). Uru rupapuro rwahinduwe rwose sp2-ivangwa na quasi yubusa-ihagaze-yuzuye graphene ikoresheje hydrogen intercalation (38). Izi ngero zitwa graphene / H-SiC (0001). Inzira yose yakorewe mu cyumba cyo gukura cya Black Magic kuva muri Aixtron. Iterambere rya WS2 ryakorewe mumashanyarazi asanzwe ashyushye nurukuta rushyushye rwumuyaga mwinshi (39, 40) ukoresheje ifu ya WO3 na S ifite igipimo cya 1: 100 nkibibanziriza. Ifu ya WO3 na S yabitswe kuri 900 na 200 ° C. Ifu ya WO3 yashyizwe hafi ya substrate. Argon yakoreshejwe nka gaze yikigo itwara sccm 8. Umuvuduko muri reakteri wabitswe kuri 0.5 mbar. Ingero zaranzwe na microscopi ya kabiri ya elegitoronike, ingufu za atome microscopi, Raman, na Photoluminescence spectroscopy, ndetse no gukwirakwiza ingufu nke za electron. Ibipimo byagaragaje WS2 ebyiri zitandukanye imwe-imwe ya kristaline aho theK- cyangwa ΓK'-icyerekezo ihujwe na ΓK-icyerekezo cya graphene. Uburebure bwa domaine bwatandukanijwe hagati ya 300 na 700 nm, kandi WS2 yose hamwe yagereranijwe kugera kuri 40%, ikwiranye nisesengura rya ARPES.
Ubushakashatsi buhoraho bwa ARPES bwakorewe hamwe nisesengura ry’imisozi (SPECS PHOIBOS 150) hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bifatanyirijwe hamwe - sisitemu yo gushakisha uburyo bubiri bwo kumenya ingufu za electron nimbaraga. Imirasire idafite ingufu, monochromatic He Iα (21.2 eV) yumuriro mwinshi Asohora isoko (VG Scienta VUV5000) yakoreshejwe mubushakashatsi bwose bwo gufata amafoto. Ingufu no gukemura impande zose mubushakashatsi bwacu byari byiza kurenza 30 meV na 0.3 ° (bihuye na 0.01 Å - 1). Ubushakashatsi bwose bwakorewe ku bushyuhe bwicyumba. ARPES ni tekinike-yunvikana cyane. Kugirango usohokane ifoto ya elegitoronike kuva WS2 hamwe na graphene, ingero zifite WS2 zituzuye zingana na 40%.
Imiterere ya tr-ARPES yari ishingiye kuri 1-kHz Titanium: Amplifier ya safi (Coherent Legend Elite Duo). 2 mJ yo gusohora imbaraga yakoreshejwe muguhuza byinshi murwego rwo hejuru muri argon. Umucyo ukabije wa ultraviolet wanyuze muri monochromator isya 100-fs probe pulses kuri 26-eV ya fotone. 8mJ yingufu zasohotse zoherejwe muri optique ya parametric amplifier (HE-TOPAS kuva Mucyo Guhindura). Ikimenyetso kimurika kuri 1-eV ya fotone ingufu yakubye inshuro ebyiri muri beta barium borate kristal kugirango ibone pompe ya 2-eV. Ibipimo bya tr-ARPES byakozwe hamwe nisesengura ryimisozi (SPECS PHOIBOS 100). Ingufu rusange hamwe nicyemezo cyigihe gito cyari 240 meV na 200 fs.
Ibikoresho by'inyongera kuriyi ngingo urabisanga kuri http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/6/20/eaay0761/DC1
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Bya Sven Aeschlimann, Antonio Rossi, Mariana Chávez-Cervantes, Razvan Krause, Benito Arnoldi, Benjamin Stadtmüller, Martin Aeschlimann, Stiven Forti, Filippo Fabbri, Camilla Coletti, Isabella Gierz
Turagaragaza itandukanyirizo rya ultrafast muri WS2 / graphene heterostructure birashoboka ko ishobora gutera inshinge nziza muri graphene.
Bya Sven Aeschlimann, Antonio Rossi, Mariana Chávez-Cervantes, Razvan Krause, Benito Arnoldi, Benjamin Stadtmüller, Martin Aeschlimann, Stiven Forti, Filippo Fabbri, Camilla Coletti, Isabella Gierz
Turagaragaza itandukanyirizo rya ultrafast muri WS2 / graphene heterostructure birashoboka ko ishobora gutera inshinge nziza muri graphene.
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Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-25-2020