Chifukwa chiyani silicon ndi yolimba koma yolimba kwambiri?

Silikonindi atomiki krustalo, amene maatomu olumikizidwa kwa wina ndi mzake ndi covalent zomangira, kupanga okhudza malo maukonde dongosolo. Mu dongosolo ili, zomangira covalent pakati maatomu kwambiri malangizo ndi mkulu chomangira mphamvu, zomwe zimapangitsa pakachitsulo kusonyeza kuuma mkulu kukana mphamvu zakunja kusintha mawonekedwe ake. Mwachitsanzo, pamafunika mphamvu yaikulu yakunja kuti iwononge mgwirizano wamphamvu wa covalent pakati pa maatomu.

Komabe, ndi chifukwa cha mawonekedwe okhazikika komanso okhwima a kristalo wake wa atomiki kuti akagwidwa ndi mphamvu yayikulu kapena mphamvu yakunja yosiyana, nthiti mkati mwake.siliconndizovuta kubisa ndikubalalitsa mphamvu yakunja kudzera m'mapindidwe am'deralo, koma zipangitsa kuti ma covalent bond athyoke limodzi ndi ndege zina zofooka za kristalo kapena njira za kristalo, zomwe zipangitsa kuti mawonekedwe onse a kristalo asweke ndikuwonetsa mawonekedwe osalimba. Mosiyana ndi zinthu monga makhiristo achitsulo, pali zomangira za ayoni pakati pa maatomu achitsulo omwe amatha kutsetsereka pang'ono, ndipo amatha kudalira kutsetsereka pakati pa zigawo za atomiki kuti agwirizane ndi mphamvu zakunja, kuwonetsa ductility wabwino komanso kosavuta kusweka.

Silikonima atomu amalumikizidwa ndi ma covalent bond. Chofunikira cha ma covalent bond ndi kulumikizana kwamphamvu komwe kumapangidwa ndi ma electron awiriawiri omwe amagawana pakati pa ma atomu. Ngakhale chomangira ichi akhoza kuonetsetsa bata ndi kuuma kwasilicon kristalokapangidwe kake, zimakhala zovuta kuti chomangira chogwirizana chibwererenso chikasweka. Pamene mphamvu yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi dziko lakunja idutsa malire omwe mgwirizano wa covalent ungathe kupirira, mgwirizanowo udzasweka, ndipo chifukwa palibe zinthu monga ma elekitironi osuntha momasuka monga zitsulo kuti zithandize kukonza zowonongeka, kukhazikitsanso kugwirizana, kapena kudalira delocalization wa ma elekitironi kumwazikana kupsyinjika, n'zosavuta osokoneza ndipo sangathe kusunga umphumphu wonse mwa kusintha kwake mkati, kuchititsa silicon kukhala Chimaona kwambiri.

Pochita ntchito, zida za silicon nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kuti zikhale zoyera, ndipo zimakhala ndi zonyansa zina ndi zolakwika za lattice. Kuphatikizika kwa maatomu osadetsedwa kumatha kusokoneza kapangidwe ka silicon komwe kamakhala kokhazikika, kupangitsa kusintha kwamphamvu yamagulu am'deralo ndi njira yolumikizirana pakati pa maatomu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti malo ofooka apangidwe. Kuwonongeka kwa lattice (monga malo osagwira ntchito ndi kusuntha) kudzakhalanso malo omwe kupsinjika kumakhazikika.

Mphamvu zakunja zikachitapo kanthu, malo ofookawa ndi malo opanikizika opanikizika amatha kuyambitsa kusweka kwa ma covalent bond, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu za silicon ziyambe kuchoka m'malo awa, ndikuwonjezera kuphulika kwake. Ngakhale poyamba ankadalira zomangira covalent pakati maatomu kumanga dongosolo ndi apamwamba kuuma, n'zovuta kupewa Chimaona fracture pansi mphamvu ya kunja mphamvu.