Ndi madzi ochuluka bwanji omwe amadyedwa ndi electrolysis
Khwerero 1: Kupanga haidrojeni
Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi kumachokera ku masitepe awiri: kupanga haidrojeni ndi kupanga magetsi onyamula mphamvu. Pakupanga haidrojeni, kumwa kochepa kwa madzi opangidwa ndi electrolyzed ndi pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 9 amadzi pa kilogalamu ya hydrogen. Komabe, poganizira njira yochepetsera madzi m'madzi, chiŵerengerochi chikhoza kuchoka pa 18 mpaka 24 kilogalamu ya madzi pa kilogalamu ya haidrojeni, kapena mpaka 25.7 mpaka 30.2.
Pakuti ndondomeko alipo kupanga (methane nthunzi kusintha), kumwa madzi osachepera 4.5kgH2O/kgH2 (chofunika anachita), poganizira ndondomeko madzi ndi kuzirala, kumwa madzi osachepera 6.4-32.2kgH2O/kgH2.
Gawo 2: Magwero a mphamvu (magetsi ongowonjezedwanso kapena gasi)
Chinanso ndikugwiritsa ntchito madzi popanga magetsi ongowonjezwdwa ndi gasi. Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi kwa mphamvu ya photovoltaic kumasiyanasiyana pakati pa 50-400 malita / MWh (2.4-19kgH2O/kgH2) ndi mphamvu ya mphepo pakati pa 5-45 malita /MWh (0.2-2.1kgH2O/kgH2). Mofananamo, kupanga gasi kuchokera ku gasi wa shale (kutengera deta ya US) kungawonjezeke kuchokera ku 1.14kgH2O/kgH2 kufika ku 4.9kgH2O/kgH2.
Pomaliza, pafupifupi madzi okwanira a haidrojeni opangidwa ndi mphamvu ya photovoltaic ndi mphamvu yamphepo ndi pafupifupi 32 ndi 22kgH2O/kgH2, motsatana. Zokayikitsa zimachokera ku radiation ya solar, moyo wonse komanso silicon. Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi kumeneku kuli pamlingo womwewo wa kukula kwa haidrojeni kuchokera ku gasi (7.6-37 kgh2o /kgH2, ndi avareji ya 22kgH2O/kgH2).
Kuchuluka kwamadzi: Kutsika mukamagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa
Mofanana ndi mpweya wa CO2, chofunikira kuti pakhale madzi otsika pamayendedwe a electrolytic ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu. Ngati kagawo kakang'ono ka magetsi kamene kamapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta opangira mafuta, madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi magetsi ndi apamwamba kwambiri kuposa madzi enieni omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi ya electrolysis.
Mwachitsanzo, magetsi opangira gasi amatha kugwiritsa ntchito madzi ofikira malita 2,500/MWh. Ndiwonso njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira mafuta achilengedwe (gasi). Ngati malasha gasification amaganiziridwa, kupanga haidrojeni akhoza kudya 31-31.8kgH2O/kgH2 ndi kupanga malasha akhoza kudya 14.7kgH2O/kgH2. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa madzi kuchokera ku photovoltaics ndi mphepo kukuyembekezekanso kuchepa pakapita nthawi pamene njira zopangira zinthu zikuyenda bwino komanso mphamvu zotulutsa mphamvu pagawo lililonse la mphamvu zomwe zayikidwa zikuwonjezeka.
Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi konse mu 2050
Dziko lapansi likuyembekezeka kugwiritsa ntchito haidrojeni wochulukirachulukira mtsogolo kuposa momwe likuchitira lero. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la IRENA la World Energy Transitions Outlook likuyerekeza kuti kufunikira kwa haidrojeni mu 2050 kudzakhala pafupifupi 74EJ, pomwe pafupifupi magawo awiri pa atatu aliwonse adzachokera ku haidrojeni wowonjezedwanso. Poyerekeza, lero (woyera haidrojeni) ndi 8.4EJ.
Ngakhale ma electrolytic hydrogen angakwaniritse kufunika kwa haidrojeni mchaka chonse cha 2050, kumwa madzi kungakhale pafupifupi ma kiyubiki mita 25 biliyoni. Chithunzi chomwe chili pansipa chikufanizira chiwerengerochi ndi mitsinje ina yopangidwa ndi anthu. Ulimi umagwiritsa ntchito madzi ochuluka kwambiri okwana ma cubic metres 280 biliyoni, pomwe mafakitale amagwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi ma kiyubiki mita 800 biliyoni ndipo mizinda imagwiritsa ntchito ma kiyubiki mita 470 biliyoni. Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi pano pakukonzanso gasi wachilengedwe komanso kupanga malasha popanga haidrojeni ndi pafupifupi ma kiyubiki mita 1.5 biliyoni.
Choncho, ngakhale kuti madzi ochuluka akuyembekezeka kudyedwa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa njira za electrolytic ndi kukula kwa kufunikira, madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito kuchokera ku kupanga haidrojeni adzakhalabe ochepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi maulendo ena omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu. Mfundo inanso ndi yakuti munthu aliyense amamwa madzi pakati pa ma cubic metres 75 (Luxembourg) ndi 1,200 (US) pachaka. Pa avareji ya 400 m3 / (pa capita * chaka), okwana kupanga haidrojeni mu 2050 ndi ofanana ndi dziko la anthu 62 miliyoni.
Mtengo wa madzi ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito
mtengo
Maselo a Electrolytic amafuna madzi apamwamba kwambiri ndipo amafuna chithandizo chamadzi. Kutsika kwamadzi kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwachangu komanso moyo waufupi. Zinthu zambiri, kuphatikiza ma diaphragms ndi zopangira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu alkaline, komanso nembanemba ndi zigawo zonyamula porous za PEM, zimatha kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zonyansa zamadzi monga chitsulo, chromium, mkuwa, ndi zina. masentimita ndi kaboni wathunthu wosakwana 50μg/L.
Madzi amawerengera gawo laling'ono la mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso ndalama zake. Chochitika choyipa kwambiri pazigawo zonse ziwiri ndikuchotsa mchere. Reverse osmosis ndiye ukadaulo waukulu wochotsa mchere, womwe umawerengera pafupifupi 70 peresenti ya mphamvu zapadziko lonse lapansi. Ukadaulo umawononga $1900- $2000 / m³/d ndipo uli ndi maphunziro opindika a 15%. Pamtengo wandalamawu, mtengo wamankhwala ndi pafupifupi $1/m³, ndipo ukhoza kukhala wotsika m'malo omwe mtengo wamagetsi ndi wotsika.
Kuphatikiza apo, ndalama zotumizira zikwera pafupifupi $1-2 pa m³. Ngakhale pamenepa, ndalama zochizira madzi zimakhala pafupifupi $0.05/kgH2. Kuyika izi moyenera, mtengo wa hydrogen wongowonjezedwanso ukhoza kukhala $2-3 / kgH2 ngati zinthu zabwino zongowonjezwdwa zilipo, pamene mtengo wa gwero pafupifupi $4-5 / kgH2.
Choncho m’kachitidwe kachisungiko kameneka, madzi amawononga ndalama zosakwana 2 peresenti ya chiwonkhetso chonse. Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi a m'nyanja kumatha kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa madzi obwezeredwa ndi 2.5 mpaka 5 nthawi (potengera kuchira).
Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu
Kuyang'ana kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya desalination, ndi yaying'ono kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa magetsi ofunikira kuti mulowetse cell electrolytic. Chigawo chamakono cha reverse osmosis chimadya pafupifupi 3.0 kW/m3. Mosiyana ndi izi, zomera zowonongeka zowonongeka zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, kuyambira 40 mpaka 80 KWH / m3, ndi zofunikira zowonjezera mphamvu kuyambira 2.5 mpaka 5 KWH / m3, malingana ndi teknoloji ya desalination. Kutengera chitsanzo chokhazikika (mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamagetsi) kwa chomera chophatikizana monga chitsanzo, kutengera kugwiritsa ntchito pampu yotenthetsera, kufunikira kwa mphamvu kungasinthidwe kukhala pafupifupi 0.7kWh/kg ya haidrojeni. Kuti tifotokoze bwino izi, mphamvu yamagetsi ya cell electrolytic ndi pafupifupi 50-55kWh/kg, kotero ngakhale zitavuta kwambiri, kufunikira kwa mphamvu pakuchotsa mchere kumakhala pafupifupi 1% ya mphamvu zonse zomwe zimalowetsedwa mudongosolo.
Vuto limodzi lochotsa mchere ndi kutaya madzi amchere, omwe amatha kusokoneza zachilengedwe zam'madzi. Mcherewu ukhoza kuthandizidwanso kuti uchepetse kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, motero kuwonjezera $ 0.6-2.40 /m³ ku mtengo wamadzi. Kuphatikiza apo, mtundu wamadzi wa electrolytic ndi wovuta kwambiri kuposa madzi akumwa ndipo ukhoza kubweretsa mtengo wokwera wamankhwala, koma izi zikuyembekezekabe kukhala zazing'ono poyerekeza ndi kuyika kwamagetsi.
Mayendedwe amadzi amadzi a electrolytic popanga haidrojeni ndi malo enieni omwe amatengera kupezeka kwamadzi am'deralo, kumwa, kuwonongeka ndi kuipitsidwa. Kugwirizana kwa chilengedwe ndi zotsatira za nyengo za nthawi yaitali ziyenera kuganiziridwa. Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi kudzakhala cholepheretsa kwambiri kukulitsa haidrojeni wongowonjezeranso.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-08-2023