1. chitukuko cha makampani zitsulo amayendetsa kukula kufunika padziko lonse maelekitirodi graphite
1.1 Kufotokozera mwachidule kwa electrode ya graphite
Electrode ya graphitendi mtundu wa graphite conductive zakuthupi amene kugonjetsedwa ndi kutentha kwambiri.Ndi mtundu wa kutentha kugonjetsedwa ndi graphite conductive zakuthupi, amene amapangidwa ndi calcining zopangira, kuphwanya akupera ufa, batching, kusakaniza, kupanga, kuphika, impregnating, graphitization ndi makina processing, wotchedwa yokumba graphite elekitirodi (graphite elekitirodi) kuti kusiyanitsa ndi ntchito kumwamba Komabe, graphite ndi chilengedwe graphite elekitirodi wokonzedwa kuchokera zipangizo.Maelekitirodi a graphite amatha kuyendetsa magetsi ndikupangira magetsi, motero amasungunula chitsulo chosungunula kapena zida zina mung'anjo yophulika kuti apange zitsulo ndi zinthu zina zachitsulo, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zitsulo.Graphite electrode ndi mtundu wazinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa komanso kukana kutentha kwa ng'anjo ya arc.Makhalidwe akuluakulu a kupanga ma elekitirodi a graphite ndi kuzungulira kwautali (nthawi zambiri kumatenga miyezi itatu kapena isanu), kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yayikulu komanso kupanga zovuta.
The zopangira kumtunda kwa unyolo graphite elekitirodi makampani makamaka mafuta coke ndi singano coke, ndi zopangira chifukwa gawo lalikulu la mtengo kupanga ma elekitirodi graphite, mlandu oposa 65%, chifukwa akadali kusiyana lalikulu pakati. Ukadaulo waukadaulo wopanga singano waku China ndiukadaulo poyerekeza ndi United States ndi Japan, mtundu wa singano zapakhomo ndizovuta kutsimikizira, kotero China idali yodalira kwambiri kuitanitsa kwa singano kwapamwamba kwambiri.Mu 2018, kuchuluka kwa msika wa singano ku China ndi matani 418000, ndipo kutumizidwa kwa singano ku China kumafika matani 218000, kuwerengera zoposa 50%;Njira yayikulu yogwiritsira ntchito ma elekitirodi a graphite ndi Electric arc ng'anjo yachitsulo.
Gulu lodziwika bwino la ma elekitirodi a graphite amatengera mawonekedwe akuthupi ndi mankhwala azinthu zomalizidwa.Pansi pa gulu ili, elekitirodi ya graphite imatha kugawidwa kukhala elekitirodi wamba wa graphite, elekitirodi yamphamvu ya graphite ndi elekitirodi ya graphite yamphamvu kwambiri.Ma electrode a graphite okhala ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana amasiyana ndi zida zopangira, electrode resistivity, zotanuka modulus, flexural mphamvu, coefficient of thermal expansion, yovomerezeka kachulukidwe pano komanso magawo ogwiritsira ntchito.
1.2.Ndemanga za mbiri yachitukuko cha ma elekitirodi a graphite ku China
graphite elekitirodi zimagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo ndi zitsulo smelting.Kukula kwamakampani aku China opanga ma elekitirodi a graphite kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi njira zamakono zamakampani aku China achitsulo ndi zitsulo.Ma elekitirodi a graphite ku China adayamba mu 1950s, ndipo adakumana ndi magawo atatu kuyambira pomwe adabadwa
Msika wa graphite electrode ukuyembekezeka kusintha mu 2021. Mu theka loyamba la 2020, zomwe zidakhudzidwa ndi mliriwu, kufunikira kwapanyumba kudatsika kwambiri, malamulo akunja akuchedwa, ndipo kuchuluka kwazinthu zomwe zidakhudza msika wapakhomo.Mu February 2020, mtengo wa graphite electrode unakwera kwakanthawi kochepa, koma posakhalitsa nkhondo yamitengo idakula.Zikuyembekezeka kuti misika yam'nyumba ndi yakunja ikayambiranso komanso kukula kwa ng'anjo yamagetsi yamagetsi pansi pa mfundo zapanyumba za carbon, msika wa graphite electrode ukuyembekezeka kusintha.Kuyambira 2020, mtengo wa ma elekitirodi a graphite ukugwa ndikukhazikika, kufunikira kwapakhomo kwa graphite elekitirodi pakupanga zitsulo za EAF kukuchulukirachulukira, ndipo kuchuluka kwa kunja kwa ma elekitirodi a graphite akuchulukirachulukira pang'onopang'ono, kuchuluka kwa msika wa graphite waku China makampani opanga ma elekitirodi azikula pang'onopang'ono, ndipo makampaniwo adzakhwima pang'onopang'ono.
2. njira yoperekera ndi kufunikira kwa ma elekitirodi a graphite akuyembekezeka kusintha
2.1.kusinthasintha kwamitengo yapadziko lonse ya electrode ya graphite ndikokulirapo
Kuchokera mu 2014 mpaka 2016, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kufunikira kwa mtsinje, msika wapadziko lonse wa graphite electrode unatsika, ndipo mtengo wa graphite electrode unakhalabe wotsika.Monga chuma chachikulu cha graphite electrode, mtengo wa singano wa singano unatsika kufika pa $ 562.2 pa tani mu 2016. Monga China ndi wogulitsa kunja kwa singano ya singano, kufunikira kwa China kumakhudza kwambiri mtengo wa singano kunja kwa China.Ndi mphamvu ya opanga ma elekitirodi a graphite akugwera pansi pa mtengo wopangira mu 2016, zowerengera zamagulu zidafika potsika.Mu 2017, ndondomeko mapeto anathetsedwa wapakatikati pafupipafupi ng'anjo ya Di Tiao zitsulo, ndi kuchuluka kwa zidutswa zitsulo anayenderera mu ng'anjo ya zitsulo chomera, zomwe zinachititsa kuwonjezeka mwadzidzidzi kufunika kwa graphite elekitirodi makampani ku China mu theka lachiwiri la 2017. Kuwonjezeka kwa kufunikira kwa electrode ya graphite kunachititsa kuti mtengo wa coke wa singano ukwere kwambiri mu 2017, ndipo unafika US $ 3769.9 pa tani mu 2019, nthawi 5.7 poyerekeza ndi 2016.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, mbali ya mfundo zapakhomo yakhala ikuthandizira ndikuwongolera njira yaying'ono yopanga zitsulo za EAF m'malo mwa chitsulo chosinthira, zomwe zalimbikitsa kuwonjezeka kwa kufunikira kwa ma elekitirodi a graphite mumakampani azitsulo aku China.Kuyambira 2017, msika wachitsulo wapadziko lonse wa EAF wachira, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale kusowa kwa ma elekitirodi a graphite padziko lonse lapansi.Kufunika kwa ma elekitirodi a graphite kunja kwa China kudakwera kwambiri mu 2017 ndipo mtengowo unafika pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri.Kuyambira pamenepo, chifukwa cha ndalama zambiri, kupanga ndi kugula, msika uli ndi katundu wambiri, ndipo mtengo wapakati wa electrode wa graphite watsika mu 2019. Mu 2019, mtengo wa uhhp graphite electrode unali wokhazikika pa US $ 8824.0 pa tani, koma idakhalabe yokwera kuposa mtengo wakale chisanafike 2016.
Mu theka loyamba la 2020, COVID-19 idapangitsa kutsikanso kwamitengo yogulitsa ma electrode a graphite, ndipo mtengo wa singano zapakhomo unatsika kuchokera pa 8000 yuan / ton kufika pa 4500 yuan / ton kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, kapena 43.75% .Mtengo wopangira singano ku China ndi 5000-6000 yuan / tani, ndipo opanga ambiri ali pansi pamlingo wopeza phindu ndi kutayika.Ndi kuyambiranso kwachuma, kupanga ndi malonda a maelekitirodi a graphite ku China kwakhala bwino kuyambira August, mlingo woyambira wa ng'anjo yamagetsi wakhala ukugwiritsidwa ntchito pa 65%, chidwi cha zomera zachitsulo chogula maelekitirodi a graphite chakwera, ndi mndandanda wa mafunso. chifukwa msika wogulitsa wakula pang'onopang'ono.Mtengo wa elekitirodi wa graphite wakhala ukukweranso kuyambira Seputembara 2020. Mtengo wa ma elekitirodi a graphite nthawi zambiri wakwera ndi 500-1500 yuan / ton, ndipo mtengo wogulitsa kunja wakwera kwambiri.
Kuyambira 2021, zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi mliri wa mliri m'chigawo cha Hebei, zomera zambiri za graphite electrode zatsekedwa ndipo magalimoto oyendetsa amayendetsedwa mosamalitsa, ndipo ma electrode a graphite am'deralo sangagulitsidwe bwino.Mtengo wazinthu wamba komanso zamphamvu kwambiri pamsika wapakhomo wa graphite electrode wakwera.Mtengo wodziwika bwino wa uhp450mm wokhala ndi 30% ya singano pamsika ndi 15-15500 yuan / tani, ndipo mtengo wamba wa uhp600mm ndi 185-19500 yuan / ton, kuchokera pa 500-2000 yuan / tani.Kukwera kwamtengo wazinthu zopangira kumathandiziranso mtengo wamagetsi a graphite.Pakali pano, mtengo wa singano coke mu mndandanda malasha zoweta ndi pafupifupi 7000 yuan, mndandanda mafuta pafupifupi 7800, ndipo mtengo kunja ndi za 1500 madola US.Malinga ndi chidziwitso cha Bachuan, opanga ena akuluakulu adalamula gwero la katundu mu February.Chifukwa cha chisamaliro chapakati cha ogulitsa katundu wamkulu kunyumba ndi kunja mu Epulo, zikuyembekezeka kuti ma elekitirodi a graphite a 2021 azikhalabe ndi mwayi wokwera theka loyamba la chaka.Komabe, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mtengo, kutha kwa kufunikira kwa ng'anjo yamagetsi yapansi pamtsinje kudzakhala kofooka, ndipo mtengo wa graphite electrode mu theka lachiwiri la chaka ukuyembekezeka kukhala wokhazikika.
2.2.kukula danga la zoweta apamwamba ndi kopitilira muyeso mkulu mphamvu graphite elekitirodi ndi lalikulu
The linanena bungwe maelekitirodi graphite kunja yafupika, ndi mphamvu kupanga makamaka ultrahigh mphamvu graphite maelekitirodi.Kuchokera mu 2014 mpaka 2019, kupanga ma graphite elekitirodi padziko lonse lapansi (kupatula China) kwatsika kuchoka pa matani 800000 kufika pa matani 710000, ndi kuchuluka kwapachaka kwa - 2.4%.Chifukwa cha kuwonongedwa kwa zomera otsika mphamvu, kwa nthawi yaitali kukonzanso chilengedwe ndi kumanganso, mphamvu ndi linanena bungwe kunja China akupitiriza kuchepa, ndipo kusiyana pakati pa linanena bungwe ndi mowa wodzazidwa ndi maelekitirodi graphite kunja ndi China.Kuchokera pamapangidwe azinthu, kutulutsa kwa ma elekitirodi amphamvu kwambiri a graphite kunja kwa nyanja kumapangitsa pafupifupi 90% ya maelekitirodi onse a graphite (kupatula China).Makhalidwe apamwamba komanso apamwamba kwambiri amagetsi a graphite electrode amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi zitsulo zapadera.Wopangayo amafunikira zolemba zapamwamba zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala monga kachulukidwe, resistivity ndi phulusa la maelekitirodi oterowo.
Kutulutsa kwa elekitirodi ya graphite ku China kwapitilirabe kukwera, ndipo mphamvu zopangira zamtundu wapamwamba kwambiri komanso ma elekitirodi apamwamba kwambiri a graphite ndizochepa.Kutulutsa kwa ma elekitirodi a graphite ku China kudatsika kuchoka pa matani 570000 mu 2014 kufika matani 500000 mu 2016. Kutulutsa kwa China kwachulukanso kuyambira 2017 ndipo kufika matani 800000 mu 2019. Poyerekeza ndi msika wapadziko lonse lapansi wa graphite electrode, opanga m'nyumba ali ndi otsika kwambiri -mphamvu graphite elekitirodi kupanga mphamvu, koma apamwamba ndi kopitilira muyeso mkulu-mphamvu graphite, zoweta kupanga mphamvu ndi ochepa.Mu 2019, kutulutsa kwapamwamba kwambiri kwa graphite electrode ku China kumangokwana matani 86000, kuwerengera pafupifupi 10% yazotulutsa zonse, zomwe ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi kapangidwe kazinthu zakunja zama graphite electrode.
Malinga ndi zomwe zimafunidwa, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ma elekitirodi a graphite padziko lapansi (kupatula China) mu 2014-2019 kumakhala kokulirapo kuposa zomwe zimatulutsidwa, ndipo pambuyo pa 2017, kugwiritsa ntchito kumawonjezeka chaka ndi chaka.Mu 2019, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ma electrode a graphite padziko lapansi (kupatula China) kunali matani 890000.Kuchokera ku 2014 mpaka 2015, kugwiritsira ntchito maelekitirodi a graphite ku China kunatsika kuchokera ku matani 390000 kufika ku matani 360000, ndipo kutuluka kwa maelekitirodi apamwamba kwambiri komanso apamwamba kwambiri kunatsika kuchoka pa matani 23800 kufika pa matani 20300.Kuchokera mu 2016 mpaka 2017, chifukwa cha kuchira pang'onopang'ono kwa msika wazitsulo ku China, gawo la kupanga zitsulo za EAF likuwonjezeka.Pakalipano, chiwerengero cha ma EAF apamwamba omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi opanga zitsulo akuwonjezeka.Kufunika kwa ma elekitirodi apamwamba kwambiri a graphite kwakwera mpaka matani 580000 mu 2019, pomwe kufunikira kwa ma elekitirodi apamwamba kwambiri a graphite amafika matani 66300, ndipo CAGR mu 2017-2019 ifika 68% .graphite elekitirodi (makamaka mkulu mphamvu graphite elekitirodi) akuyembekezeka kukumana kufunika resonance lotengeka ndi kuteteza chilengedwe ndi kupanga zochepa pa kotunga mapeto ndi permeability wa ng'anjo zitsulo pa mapeto kufunika.
3. Kukula kwa njira yachidule yosungunula kumayendetsa chitukuko cha electrode ya graphite
3.1.kufunikira kwa ng'anjo yatsopano yamagetsi yoyendetsa ma elekitirodi a graphite
Makampani azitsulo ndi amodzi mwamafakitale otukuka komanso kupita patsogolo.M'zaka zaposachedwa, kupanga zitsulo zapadziko lonse lapansi zakhala zikukulirakulira.Chitsulo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magalimoto, zomangamanga, zonyamula katundu ndi mafakitale a njanji, ndipo kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwazitsulo padziko lonse kwawonjezeka kwambiri.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ubwino wazitsulo zazitsulo zakhala zikuyenda bwino ndipo malamulo oteteza chilengedwe akuwonjezeka.Ena opanga zitsulo amatembenukira kupanga zitsulo za ng'anjo ya arc, pomwe ma elekitirodi a graphite ndi ofunika kwambiri ku ng'anjo ya arc, motero amawongolera zofunikira za graphite electrode.Kusungunula chitsulo ndi chitsulo ndiye gawo lalikulu la ma elekitirodi a graphite, omwe amawerengera pafupifupi 80% ya ma elekitirodi onse a graphite.Pakusungunula chitsulo ndi chitsulo, ng'anjo ya ng'anjo yamagetsi yamagetsi imapanga pafupifupi 50% ya ma elekitirodi a graphite, ndipo kuyenga kunja kwa ng'anjo kumapanga zoposa 25% za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa electrode ya graphite.Padziko lonse lapansi, mu 2015, kuchuluka kwa zitsulo zonse padziko lapansi kunali 25.2%, 62.7%, 39.4% ndi 22.9% motero ku United States, mayiko 27 a European Union ndi Japan, pomwe mu 2015, Kupanga kwa ng'anjo yamagetsi yamagetsi yaku China kudapanga 5.9%, yomwe inali yotsika kwambiri kuposa dziko lapansi.M'kupita kwa nthawi, yochepa ndondomeko teknoloji ali ndi ubwino zoonekeratu pa ndondomeko yaitali.Makampani apadera achitsulo omwe ali ndi EAF monga zida zazikulu zopangira akuyembekezeka kukula mwachangu.Zida zotsalira zazitsulo za EAF zitsulo zidzakhala ndi malo aakulu amtsogolo.Chifukwa chake, kupanga zitsulo za EAF kukuyembekezeka kukula mwachangu, motero kukulitsa kufunikira kwa ma elekitirodi a graphite.Kuchokera pamalingaliro aukadaulo, EAF ndiye chida chachikulu chopangira zitsulo zazifupi.Short ndondomeko steelmaking luso ali ndi ubwino zoonekeratu kupanga dzuwa, kuteteza chilengedwe, likulu yomanga ndalama ndalama ndi ndondomeko kusinthasintha;kuchokera kumunsi kwa mtsinje, pafupifupi 70% ya zitsulo zapadera ndi 100% ya zitsulo zapamwamba za alloy ku China zimapangidwa ndi ng'anjo ya arc.Mu 2016, kutulutsa kwachitsulo chapadera ku China ndi 1/5 yokha ya Japan, ndipo zitsulo zamtengo wapatali zamtengo wapatali zimangopangidwa ku Japan Chigawo cha chiwerengerocho ndi 1/8 chokha cha Japan.Kukula kwamtsogolo kwa chitsulo chapadera chapadera ku China kudzayendetsa chitukuko cha electrode ya graphite ya chitsulo cha ng'anjo yamagetsi ndi ng'anjo yamagetsi;Choncho, kusungirako zinthu zachitsulo ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zinyalala ku China kumakhala ndi malo akuluakulu otukuka, ndipo maziko opangira zitsulo zosakhalitsa m'tsogolomu ndi amphamvu.
Kutulutsa kwa ma elekitirodi a graphite kumagwirizana ndi kusintha kwa kusintha kwa chitsulo cha ng'anjo yamagetsi.Kuwonjezeka kwa kutulutsa kwazitsulo za ng'anjo kudzayendetsa kufunikira kwa ma elekitirodi a graphite m'tsogolomu.Malinga ndi zomwe bungwe la World iron and Steel Association ndi China Carbon Viwanda Association, kutulutsa kwachitsulo cha ng'anjo yamagetsi ku China mu 2019 ndi matani 127.4 miliyoni, ndipo kutulutsa kwa graphite electrode ndi matani 7421000.Kutulutsa ndi kukula kwa ma elekitirodi a graphite ku China kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kutulutsa ndi kukula kwazitsulo za ng'anjo yamagetsi ku China.Pakupanga malingaliro, linanena bungwe la magetsi ng'anjo zitsulo mu 2011 anafika pachimake, ndiye anatsika chaka ndi chaka, ndi linanena bungwe la elekitirodi graphite ku China komanso scrank chaka ndi chaka pambuyo 2011. Mu 2016, Utumiki wa mafakitale ndi zambiri. luso analowa za ng'anjo magetsi 205 mabizinezi zitsulo kupanga, ndi kupanga matani 45 miliyoni, mlandu 6.72% ya dziko zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri kupanga mu chaka chino.Mu 2017, zatsopano za 127 zinawonjezeredwa, zomwe zinapanga matani 75million, zomwe zimapanga 9,32% ya zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zonse m'chaka chomwecho;mu 2018, 34 atsopano anawonjezedwa, ndi kupanga matani 100 miliyoni, mlandu 11% ya okwana zitsulo zosapanganika linanena bungwe mu chaka chino;mu 2019, ng'anjo zamagetsi zosakwana 50t zidathetsedwa, ndipo zida zamagetsi zomwe zidangomangidwa kumene komanso kupanga ku China zinali zopitilira 355, kuwerengera gawo Idafika 12.8%.Gawo la ng'anjo yamagetsi yamagetsi ku China likadali lotsika kuposa pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi, koma kusiyana kumayamba kuchepa pang'onopang'ono.Kuchokera pakukula kwakukula, kutulutsa kwa ma electrode a graphite kumawonetsa kusinthasintha komanso kuchepa.Mu 2015, kuchepa kwa chitsulo chopanga ng'anjo yamagetsi kumachepa, ndipo kutulutsa kwa graphite electrode kumachepa.Kuchuluka kwa chitsulo m'tsogolomu kudzakhala kokulirapo, zomwe zidzayendetsa malo ofunikira a graphite electrode pang'anjo yamagetsi.
Malinga ndi ndondomeko yokonza makampani azitsulo omwe aperekedwa ndi Unduna wa Zamakampani ndi ukadaulo wazidziwitso, zikunenedwa momveka bwino kuti "kulimbikitsa kulimbikitsa njira zazifupi zopangira zitsulo ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida ndi zitsulo zotayira ngati zopangira.Pofika chaka cha 2025, chiŵerengero cha zitsulo zopangidwa ndi zitsulo zamabizinesi aku China sichikhala chochepera 30%.Ndi chitukuko cha pulani ya zaka zisanu za 14 m'magawo osiyanasiyana, zikuyembekezeka kuti kuchuluka kwa njira zazifupi kupititsa patsogolo kufunikira kwa ma elekitirodi a graphite, zinthu zofunika kwambiri kumtunda.
Kupatula China, mayiko akuluakulu omwe amapanga zitsulo padziko lonse lapansi, monga United States, Japan ndi South Korea, makamaka amapanga zitsulo zamagetsi, zomwe zimafuna maelekitirodi a graphite, pamene mphamvu ya graphite electrode ya China imakhala yoposa 50% yapadziko lonse lapansi. mphamvu, zomwe zimapangitsa China kukhala wogulitsa kunja kwa ma electrode a graphite.Mu 2018, kuchuluka kwa ma graphite electrode ku China kudafika matani 287,000, kuwonjezeka kwa 21.11% pachaka, kusunga kukula, komanso kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa zaka zitatu zotsatizana.Zikuyembekezeka kuti kuchuluka kwa ma elekitirodi a graphite ku China kudzakwera kufika matani 398000 pofika chaka cha 2023, ndi chiwonjezeko chapachaka cha 5.5%.Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa luso la makampani, zinthu za China graphite elekitirodi pang'onopang'ono zadziwika ndikuvomerezedwa ndi makasitomala akunja, ndipo ndalama zogulitsa kunja kwa mabizinesi aku China a graphite elekitirodi zakula kwambiri.Kutengera chitsanzo chamakampani otsogola a graphite elekitirodi ku China, ndikuwongolera bwino kwamakampani opanga ma elekitirodi a graphite, chifukwa cha kupikisana kwake kwamphamvu, mpweya wa Fangda wachulukitsa kwambiri ndalama zakunja kwa bizinesi ya graphite elekitirodi m'zaka ziwiri zapitazi.Zogulitsa zakunja zidakwera kuchoka pa 430million yuan munthawi yanthawi yotsika yamakampani opanga ma elekitirodi a graphite mu 2016 mpaka Mu 2018, ndalama zakunja kwa bizinesi ya graphite elekitirodi zidaposa 30% ya ndalama zonse za kampaniyo, ndipo digiri ya mayiko ikukula. .Ndikusintha kosalekeza kwaukadaulo komanso kupikisana kwazinthu zamakampani aku China a graphite elekitirodi, ma elekitirodi a graphite aku China azindikirika ndikudaliridwa ndi makasitomala akunja.Kuchuluka kwa ma elekitirodi a graphite kukuyembekezeka kukwera kwambiri, zomwe zidzakhale chinthu chofunikira kwambiri polimbikitsa kugayidwa kwa ma elekitirodi a graphite ku China.
3.2.kukhudzidwa kwa mfundo zoteteza chilengedwe pa mliri wa mliri kumapangitsa kuti ma elekitirodi a graphite akhale olimba
The mpweya umuna wa njira yaitali ya yochepa ndondomeko steelmaking mu ng'anjo magetsi yafupika.Malinga ndi ndondomeko ya zaka 13 zamakampani opanga zitsulo zotayidwa, poyerekeza ndi kupanga zitsulo zachitsulo, kutuluka kwa matani 1.6 a carbon dioxide ndi matani 3 a zinyalala zolimba kumatha kuchepetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito 1 tani yazitsulo zowonongeka.Njira zingapo zikuphatikizidwa mumakampani achitsulo ndi zitsulo.Njira iliyonse idzakhala ndi kusintha kwa mankhwala ndi thupi.Nthawi yomweyo, zotsalira zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi zinyalala zidzatayidwa pomwe zinthu zofunika zikupangidwa.Kupyolera mu mawerengedwe, tikhoza kupeza kuti pamene kupanga yemweyo wa 1 tani slab / billet, ndondomeko yaitali munali sintering ndondomeko adzatulutsa zoipitsa kwambiri, amene ali wachiwiri mu ndondomeko yaitali ya pellet ndondomeko, pamene zoipitsa kutulutsidwa ndi yochepa steelmaking. ndi otsika kwambiri kuposa aatali ndondomeko ndi sintering ndondomeko ndi yaitali ndondomeko munali pellet, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti yochepa ndondomeko steelmaking ndi ochezeka kwa chilengedwe.Kuti apambane nkhondo ya chitetezo cha buluu kumwamba, zigawo zambiri ku China zapereka chidziwitso cha kupanga kwakukulu kwambiri m'nyengo yozizira ndi masika, ndipo anapanga makonzedwe apamwamba a makampani okhudzana ndi gasi monga zitsulo, nonferrous, coking, makampani opanga mankhwala, nyumba. zipangizo ndi kuponyera.Mwa iwo, ngati kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, kuteteza chilengedwe ndi chitetezo cha mabizinesi a carbon ndi ferroalloy omwe ma elekitirodi a graphite akulephera kukwaniritsa zofunikira, zigawo zina zapereka malingaliro omveka bwino kuti kuletsa kupanga kapena kuyimitsa kupanga kuchitike malinga ndi momwe zilili.
3.3.kaperekedwe ndi kufunikira kwa ma elekitirodi a graphite akusintha pang'onopang'ono
Novel coronavirus chibayo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi komanso chikoka chachitetezo mu theka loyamba la 2020, zidapangitsa kuti ma electrode a graphite pamisika yakunja ndi kunja komanso mtengo wogulitsa uchepe, ndipo mabizinesi a graphite electrode mumakampaniwo adachepetsa kupanga, kuyimitsa kupanga ndi adaluza.Munthawi yochepa komanso yapakatikati, kuwonjezera pa chiyembekezo cha China kuti ipititse patsogolo kufunika kwa ma elekitirodi a graphite, mphamvu ya graphite elekitirodi yakunja ikhoza kuchepetsedwa chifukwa cha mliriwu, womwe udzakulitsa mkhalidwe wa graphite yolimba. electrode.
Kuyambira kotala lachinayi la 2020, graphite electrode inventory yakhala ikutsika mosalekeza, ndipo mabizinesi oyambira akwera.Kuyambira 2019, kuchuluka kwa ma elekitirodi a graphite ku China kwachulukirachulukira, ndipo mabizinesi amagetsi a graphite akuwongoleranso bwino kuyambika.Ngakhale kuchepa kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi mu 2020, zovuta za mphero zachitsulo zakunja zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi COVID-19 nthawi zambiri zikuyenda bwino, koma kutulutsa kwazitsulo zaku China kukukulirakulirabe.Komabe, mtengo wa msika wa ma elekitirodi a graphite umakhudzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa msika, ndipo mtengo ukupitilira kutsika, ndipo mabizinesi amagetsi a graphite adataya kwambiri.Ena mwa mabizinesi akuluakulu a graphite elekitirodi ku China adadya kwambiri zinthuzi mu Epulo ndi Meyi 2020. Pakalipano, kupezeka ndi kufunikira kwa msika wapamwamba kwambiri ndi waukulu zili pafupi ndi malo operekera komanso ofunikira.Ngakhale kufunika kokhalabe kosasinthika, tsiku lazakudya zochulukirapo komanso zofunidwa lifika posachedwa.
Kukula kofulumira kwa kugwiritsira ntchito zinyalala kumalimbikitsa kufunikira.Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zitsulo zosasunthika kudakwera kuchokera pa matani 88.29 miliyoni mu 2014 mpaka matani 18781 miliyoni mu 2018, ndipo CAGR idafika 20.8%.Ndi kutsegulidwa kwa ndondomeko ya dziko pa kuitanitsa zitsulo zowonongeka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha ng'anjo yamagetsi yamagetsi, zikuyembekezeka kuti kugwiritsira ntchito zitsulo zowonongeka kudzakwera mofulumira.Kumbali inayi, chifukwa mtengo wazitsulo zowonongeka umakhudzidwa makamaka ndi kufunikira kwa kunja, mtengo wazitsulo zakunja wakwera kwambiri mu theka lachiwiri la 2020 chifukwa cha kukhudzidwa kwa China kuyamba kuitanitsa zidutswa.Pakalipano, mtengo wazitsulo zowonongeka uli pamtunda wapamwamba, ndipo wayamba kubwereranso kuyambira 2021. Kuchepa kwa kufunikira komwe kumakhudzidwa ndi vuto la mliri kunja kwa dziko lapansi kukuyembekezeka kupitirizabe kukhudza kuchepa kwa zitsulo zowonongeka.Zikuyembekezeka kuti mtengo wazitsulo zazitsulo upitirire kukhudzidwa mu theka loyamba la 2021 Lattice idzakhala yotsika komanso yotsika, yomwe imathandizanso kuwongolera kwa ng'anjo yoyambira ndi kufunikira kwa electrode ya graphite.
Kufunika konse kwa chitsulo cha ng'anjo yamagetsi yamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi ndi zitsulo zopanda ng'anjo mu 2019 ndi 2020 ndi matani 1376800 ndi matani 14723 miliyoni motsatana.Zikuyembekezeredwa kuti chiwerengero chonse cha padziko lonse chidzawonjezeka kwambiri m'zaka zisanu zikubwerazi, ndikufika matani 2.1444 miliyoni mu 2025. Kufunika kwazitsulo za ng'anjo yamagetsi kumawerengera ambiri.Akuti kufunikirako kudzafika matani 1.8995 miliyoni mu 2025.
Kufunika kwapadziko lonse kwa ma electrode a graphite mu 2019 ndi 2020 ndi matani 1376800 ndi matani 14723 miliyoni motsatana.Zikuyembekezeredwa kuti chiwerengero cha padziko lonse chidzawonjezeka kwambiri m'zaka zisanu zikubwerazi, ndipo chikuyembekezeka kufika matani 2.1444 miliyoni mu 2025. Panthawiyi, mu 2021 ndi 2022, padziko lonse lapansi ma electrode a graphite anali oposa 267 ndi 16000 matani motsatira.Pambuyo pa 2023, padzakhala kusowa kwa chakudya, ndi kusiyana kwa -17900 matani, matani 39000 ndi -24000 matani.
Mu 2019 ndi 2020, kufunika kwapadziko lonse kwa ma elekitirodi a graphite a UHP ndi matani 9087000 ndi matani 986400 motsatana.Zimanenedweratu kuti kufunika kwa dziko lonse kudzawonjezekanso m'zaka zisanu zikubwerazi, ndikufika pafupifupi matani 1.608 miliyoni mu 2025. Panthawiyi, mu 2021 ndi 2022, padziko lonse lapansi ma electrode a graphite anali oposa 775 ndi matani 61500 motsatira.Pambuyo pa 2023, padzakhala kusowa kwa chakudya, ndi kusiyana kwa -08000 matani, matani 26300 ndi -67300 matani.
Kuchokera theka lachiwiri la 2020 mpaka january2021, mtengo wapadziko lonse lapansi wamagetsi apamwamba kwambiri a graphite electrode watsika kuchoka pa 27000/t kufika pa 24000/ T. pamtengo wapano.Mu 2021, kufunikira kwapadziko lonse lapansi kwa ma elekitirodi amphamvu kwambiri a graphite kudzachulukirachulukira, makamaka kutentha kwakunja kukuyembekezeka kupitiliza kukulitsa kufunikira kwa ma graphite amphamvu kwambiri, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ma graphite electrode kupitilira kukwera.Zikuyembekezeka kuti mtengo wa UHP graphite elekitirodi mu 2021 uwonjezeke mpaka 26000/t ndi theka lachiwiri la chaka, ndipo phindu lidzawonjezedwa mpaka 3922-4067 yuan / tani.Ndi kuchuluka kosalekeza kwa kuchuluka kwa ma elekitirodi amphamvu kwambiri a graphite m'tsogolomu, malo opangira phindu adzawonjezekanso.
Kuyambira january2021, mtengo wapadziko lonse wamagetsi wamba wa graphite elekitirodi ndi 11500-12500 yuan / tani.Malinga ndi mtengo wamakono ndi mtengo wamsika, phindu la electrode wamba wa graphite akuti ndi -264-1404 yuan / ton, yomwe idakali yotayika.Mtengo wapano wa elekitirodi wa graphite wokhala ndi mphamvu wamba wakwera kuchoka pa 10000 yuan/tani mgawo lachitatu la 2020 kufika pa 12500 yuan/T. kuchuluka, ndi kumwa zitsulo zitsulo zikuchulukirachulukira, ndipo kufunika wamba graphite elekitirodi adzaukanso kwambiri.Zikuyembekezeka kuti mtengo wa ma elekitirodi a graphite wokhala ndi mphamvu wamba udzakwezedwa pamwamba pa mtengo wachitatu wa 2021, ndipo phindu lidzakwaniritsidwa.Ndi kufunikira kwapadziko lonse kwa ma elekitirodi a graphite amphamvu wamba kukwera mosalekeza mtsogolomo, malo opindulitsa adzakula pang'onopang'ono.
4. chitsanzo cha mpikisano wamakampani a graphite elekitirodi ku China
Pakati pamakampani opanga ma elekitirodi a graphite ndi opanga ma elekitirodi a graphite, omwe ali ndi mabizinesi apadera monga otenga nawo mbali.Kupanga kwa ma graphite electrode ku China kumapanga pafupifupi 50% ya ma elekitirodi a graphite padziko lonse lapansi.Monga bizinesi yotsogola pamakampani opanga ma graphite elekitirodi ku China, gawo la msika wa electrode lalikulu la carbon graphite ku China ndi loposa 20%, ndipo mphamvu ya graphite elekitirodi ndi yachitatu padziko lonse lapansi.Pankhani yamtundu wazinthu, mabizinesi akuluakulu mumakampani a graphite elekitirodi ku China ali ndi mpikisano wamphamvu padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo ukadaulo wazogulitsa umafika pamlingo wazinthu zofanana za mpikisano wakunja.Pali delamination pamsika wa graphite electrode.Msika wamagetsi apamwamba kwambiri a graphite electrode umakhala ndi mabizinesi apamwamba kwambiri pamsika, ndipo mabizinesi anayi apamwamba amakhala ndi gawo lopitilira 80% la msika wa UHP graphite electrode msika, ndipo kuchuluka kwamakampaniwo kuli kocheperako. zoonekeratu.
Mu msika wopitilira muyeso wama graphite elekitirodi, mabizinesi akuluakulu a graphite elekitirodi pakati amafika ali ndi mphamvu zokambirana zamakampani akunsi kwa zitsulo, ndipo amafuna kuti makasitomala akumunsi azilipira kuti apereke katundu popanda kupereka nthawi ya akaunti.Mphamvu zapamwamba komanso ma elekitirodi amphamvu a graphite ali ndi luso lochepa kwambiri, mpikisano wowopsa wamsika komanso mpikisano wodziwika bwino wamitengo.Mumsika wamphamvu komanso wamba wamagetsi amagetsi a graphite, akuyang'anizana ndi mafakitale opanga zitsulo okhala ndi ndende yayikulu kunsi kwa mtsinje, mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati a graphite elekitirodi ali ndi mphamvu zotsatsa kutsika, kuti athe kupereka makasitomala nthawi ya akaunti kapena ngakhale. kuchepetsa mitengo kupikisana pa msika.Kuonjezera apo, chifukwa cha kukhwimitsa chitetezo cha chilengedwe, mphamvu zamabizinesi apakatikati ndi ochepa kwambiri, ndipo mphamvu zonse zogwiritsira ntchito makampani ndi zosakwana 70%.Mabizinesi ena amawonekeranso ngati chodabwitsa cha kulamulidwa kuti asiye kupanga mpaka kalekale.Ngati chitukuko cha makampani osungunula zitsulo, phosphorous chikasu ndi zipangizo zina mafakitale kunsi kwa graphite elekitirodi amachepetsa, kufunika kwa graphite elekitirodi msika ndi yochepa, ndipo mtengo wa elekitirodi graphite si kukwera kwambiri, kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito ndalama adzatsogolera. kuti apulumuke mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati popanda kupikisana kwakukulu, ndikutuluka pang'onopang'ono pamsika kapena kupezedwa ndi ma elekitirodi akulu a graphite kapena mabizinesi achitsulo.
Pambuyo pa 2017, ndi kuwonjezeka kwachangu kwa phindu muzitsulo zamagetsi zamagetsi, kufunikira ndi mtengo wa ma elekitirodi a graphite pazitsulo zopangira zitsulo zopangira magetsi kunakulanso mofulumira.Phindu lalikulu lamakampani a graphite elekitirodi lakula kwambiri.Mabizinesi omwe ali m'makampani akulitsa kukula kwawo.Mabizinesi ena omwe asiya msika ayamba kugwira ntchito pang'onopang'ono.Kuchokera pakutulutsa konse kwa graphite elekitirodi, kuchuluka kwamakampani kwatsika.Kutengera chitsanzo chapamwamba cha kaboni wamagetsi a graphite, msika wake wonse watsika kuchokera pa 30% mu 2016 mpaka pafupifupi 25% mu 2018. zasiyanitsidwa.Chifukwa chaukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri wama electrode amphamvu kwambiri a graphite, gawo lamsika lazinthu zotsogola kwambiri limapangidwanso bwino ndikutulutsa mabizinesi omwe ali ndi mphamvu zofananira ndiukadaulo, ndipo mabizinesi anayi apamwamba kwambiri amawerengera. kuposa 80% ya gawo la msika la zinthu zamphamvu kwambiri.Pankhani ya mphamvu wamba ndi mkulu mphamvu graphite elekitirodi ndi zofunika otsika luso, mpikisano msika anakulirakulira pang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha kujowinanso mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi sing'anga ndi ofooka luso luso ndi kukulitsa kupanga.
Pambuyo pazaka zambiri zachitukuko, kudzera pakuyambitsa ukadaulo wopanga ma elekitirodi a graphite, mabizinesi akuluakulu a graphite elekitirodi ku China adziwa luso laukadaulo la kupanga ma elekitirodi a graphite.Ukadaulo wopanga komanso ukadaulo wa ma elekitirodi a graphite ndi wofanana ndi wa omwe akupikisana nawo kunja, ndipo ndi zabwino zake zotsika mtengo, mabizinesi aku China a graphite electrode akutenga gawo lofunikira kwambiri pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi.
5. malingaliro a ndalama
Pamapeto pake, kuchuluka kwa mafakitale a graphite elekitirodi akadali ndi mwayi woti asinthe, kuteteza chilengedwe ndi malire opanga kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa zitsulo zamagetsi zamagetsi, ndipo kukula kwamakampani a graphite elekitirodi ndikobwino.Kumbali yofunikira, pofuna kukonza zokolola komanso kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, tsogolo la matani 100-150 UHP EAF ndiye njira yayikulu yachitukuko, ndipo chitukuko cha UHP EAF ndizomwe zimachitika.Monga chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za UHP EAF, kufunikira kwa ma elekitirodi akulu kwambiri a graphite akuyembekezeka kukulirakulira.
Kulemera kwamakampani a graphite electrode kwatsika m'zaka ziwiri zapitazi.Ntchito zamakampani otsogola a graphite electrode adatsika kwambiri mu 2020. Makampani onse ali pamlingo wocheperako komanso wochepera.Komabe, tikukhulupirira kuti ndi kusintha kwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zamakampani komanso kubwerera pang'onopang'ono kwa mtengo wa elekitirodi ya graphite mpaka pamlingo woyenera, magwiridwe antchito amakampani otsogola adzapindula mokwanira ndi kubwezeredwa kwa pansi kwa graphite. electrode msika.M'tsogolomu, China ili ndi malo akuluakulu opangira zitsulo zazing'ono, zomwe zidzapindulitse chitukuko cha electrode ya graphite kwa EAF yochepa.Akuti mabizinesi otsogola pantchito ya electrode ya graphite ayenera kuyang'ana kwambiri.
6. malangizo owopsa
Gawo lamakampani opanga zitsulo zamagetsi ku China sizomwe zimayembekezeredwa, ndipo mtengo wazinthu zopangira ma graphite elekitirodi umasinthasintha kwambiri.
Nthawi yotumiza: Apr-13-2021