Cov dej ntau npaum li cas yog siv los ntawm electrolysis
Kauj Ruam 1: Hydrogen ntau lawm
Kev siv dej los ntawm ob kauj ruam: kev tsim cov hydrogen thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sab saud. Rau kev tsim cov hydrogen, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm cov dej electrolyzed yog kwv yees li 9 kilograms ntawm dej ib kilogram ntawm hydrogen. Txawm li cas los xij, coj mus rau hauv tus account cov txheej txheem demineralization ntawm dej, qhov piv no tuaj yeem muaj li ntawm 18 txog 24 kilograms ntawm dej ib kilogram ntawm hydrogen, lossis txawm tias siab li 25.7 txog 30.2..
Rau cov txheej txheem tsim khoom uas twb muaj lawm (methane chav hloov pauv), qhov kev siv dej tsawg kawg yog 4.5kgH2O / kgH2 (yuav tsum tau siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv), suav nrog cov txheej txheem dej thiab cua txias, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus siv dej yog 6.4-32.2kgH2O / kgH2.
Kauj Ruam 2: Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (cov hluav taws xob tauj dua tshiab lossis cov roj ntsha ntuj)
Lwm qhov kev tivthaiv yog dej siv los tsim hluav taws xob txuas ntxiv thiab cov pa roj ntsha. Kev siv dej ntawm photovoltaic fais fab sib txawv ntawm 50-400 litres / MWh (2.4-19kgH2O / kgH2) thiab cua zog ntawm 5-45 litres / MWh (0.2-2.1kgH2O / kgH2). Ib yam li ntawd, cov roj ntau lawm los ntawm cov roj shale (raws li US cov ntaub ntawv) tuaj yeem nce los ntawm 1.14kgH2O / kgH2 txog 4.9kgH2O / kgH2.
Hauv kev xaus, qhov nruab nrab tag nrho cov dej siv ntawm hydrogen generated los ntawm photovoltaic zog tiam thiab cua zog yog hais txog 32 thiab 22kgH2O / kgH2, feem. Qhov tsis paub tseeb yog los ntawm hnub ci hluav taws xob, lub neej ntev thiab cov ntsiab lus silicon. Qhov kev siv dej no yog nyob rau tib qhov kev txiav txim siab ntau npaum li hydrogen ntau lawm los ntawm cov nkev roj (7.6-37 kgh2o / kgH2, nrog rau qhov nruab nrab ntawm 22kgH2O / kgH2).
Tag nrho cov dej hneev taw: qis dua thaum siv lub zog tauj dua tshiab
Zoo ib yam li CO2 emissions, qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau cov dej qis qis rau txoj kev electrolytic yog siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tauj dua tshiab. Yog tias tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm cov hluav taws xob tau tsim los siv cov fossil fuels, cov dej siv nrog hluav taws xob ntau dua li cov dej tiag tiag thaum siv hluav taws xob.
Piv txwv li, kev tsim hluav taws xob roj tuaj yeem siv txog li 2,500 litres / MWh dej. Nws tseem yog rooj plaub zoo tshaj plaws rau fossil fuels (natural gas). Yog hais tias thee gasification raug txiav txim siab, hydrogen ntau lawm tuaj yeem haus 31-31.8kgH2O / kgH2 thiab cov thee ntau lawm tuaj yeem haus 14.7kgH2O / kgH2. Kev siv dej los ntawm photovoltaics thiab cua kuj tseem xav tias yuav txo qis thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom ua haujlwm tau zoo dua thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv ib chav tsev ntawm lub peev xwm txhim kho.
Tag nrho cov dej siv hauv xyoo 2050
Lub ntiaj teb yuav tsum siv ntau zaus ntau dua hydrogen yav tom ntej tshaj li niaj hnub no. Piv txwv li, IRENA's World Energy Transitions Outlook kwv yees tias hydrogen xav tau nyob rau xyoo 2050 yuav yog li 74EJ, ntawm ob feem peb yuav los ntawm hydrogen txuas ntxiv. Los ntawm kev sib piv, hnub no (ntshiab hydrogen) yog 8.4EJ.
Txawm hais tias electrolytic hydrogen tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau hydrogen rau tag nrho xyoo 2050, kev siv dej yuav yog li 25 billion cubic meters. Daim duab hauv qab no muab piv rau daim duab no rau lwm tus neeg tsim cov dej haus. Kev ua liaj ua teb siv qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm 280 billion cubic meters dej, thaum kev lag luam siv ze li ntawm 800 billion cubic meters thiab cov nroog siv 470 billion cubic meters. Kev siv dej tam sim no ntawm kev hloov pauv cov pa roj carbon monoxide thiab thee gasification rau hydrogen ntau lawm yog kwv yees li 1.5 billion cubic meters.
Yog li, txawm hais tias cov dej ntau yuav tsum tau siv los ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv txoj hauv kev electrolytic thiab kev xav tau loj hlob, kev siv dej los ntawm hydrogen ntau lawm tseem yuav tsawg dua li lwm cov dej siv los ntawm tib neeg. Lwm qhov taw qhia yog tias ib tus neeg haus dej yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm 75 (Luxembourg) thiab 1,200 (US) cubic meters ib xyoo. Qhov nruab nrab ntawm 400 m3 / (ib tus neeg * xyoo), tag nrho cov hydrogen ntau lawm hauv 2050 yog sib npaug rau lub teb chaws ntawm 62 lab tus tib neeg.
Tus nqi dej ntau npaum li cas thiab siv zog npaum li cas
nqi
Electrolytic cells xav tau dej zoo thiab xav tau kev kho dej. Cov dej tsis zoo ua rau kev puas tsuaj sai dua thiab lub neej luv dua. Ntau lub ntsiab lus, suav nrog diaphragms thiab catalysts siv hauv alkalines, nrog rau cov membranes thiab porous thauj khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm PEM, tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm dej impurities xws li hlau, chromium, tooj liab, thiab lwm yam. Dej conductivity yuav tsum tsawg dua 1μS / cm thiab tag nrho cov organic carbon tsawg dua 50μg / L.
Dej tso nyiaj rau ib feem me me ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob thiab nqi. Qhov xwm txheej phem tshaj plaws rau ob qho kev ntsuas yog desalination. Rov qab osmosis yog lub ntsiab technology rau desalination, accounting rau ze li ntawm 70 feem pua ntawm lub ntiaj teb no muaj peev xwm. Cov thev naus laus zis raug nqi $ 1900- $ 2000 / m³ / d thiab muaj kev kawm nkhaus ntawm 15%. Ntawm qhov peev txheej no, tus nqi kho mob yog kwv yees li $ 1 / m³, thiab tej zaum yuav qis dua hauv cov cheeb tsam uas cov nqi hluav taws xob tsawg.
Tsis tas li ntawd, tus nqi thauj khoom yuav nce li ntawm $ 1-2 ib m³. Txawm hais tias qhov no, tus nqi kho dej yog kwv yees li $ 0.05 / kgH2. Txhawm rau muab qhov no rau hauv qhov kev xav, tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob txuas ntxiv tuaj yeem yog $ 2-3 / kgH2 yog tias muaj cov khoom siv txuas ntxiv mus zoo, thaum tus nqi ntawm cov peev txheej nruab nrab yog $ 4-5 / kgH2.
Yog li hauv qhov xwm txheej no, dej yuav raug nqi tsawg dua 2 feem pua ntawm tag nrho. Kev siv cov dej hiav txwv tuaj yeem ua kom cov dej rov qab los ntawm 2.5 mus rau 5 zaug (raws li cov txiaj ntsig rov qab).
Kev siv hluav taws xob
Saib ntawm lub zog noj ntawm desalination, nws kuj yog me me heev piv rau cov nqi hluav taws xob xav tau los nkag rau hauv lub cell electrolytic. Kev khiav hauj lwm rov qab osmosis chav tsev tam sim no siv txog 3.0 kW / m3. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, thermal desalination nroj tsuag muaj ntau zog noj, xws li los ntawm 40 mus rau 80 KWH / m3, nrog rau cov kev xav tau ntawm lub hwj chim ntxiv los ntawm 2.5 mus rau 5 KWH / m3, nyob ntawm seb lub tshuab desalination. Noj cov ntaub ntawv conservative (piv txwv li lub zog xav tau ntau dua) ntawm cogeneration cog ua piv txwv, piv txwv li kev siv lub twj tso kua mis, lub zog xav tau yuav hloov mus rau li 0.7kWh / kg ntawm hydrogen. Txhawm rau muab qhov no tso rau hauv qhov kev xav, qhov kev thov hluav taws xob ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob yog li 50-55kWh / kg, yog li txawm tias qhov xwm txheej phem tshaj plaws, lub zog thov rau desalination yog li 1% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rau lub cev.
Ib qho kev sib tw ntawm kev desalination yog pov tseg cov dej ntsev, uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau hauv zos Marine ecosystems. Cov brine no tuaj yeem kho ntxiv kom txo tau nws qhov kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig, yog li ntxiv ntxiv $ 0.6-2.40 / m³ rau tus nqi dej. Tsis tas li ntawd, electrolytic dej zoo yog nruj dua li cov dej haus thiab tej zaum yuav ua rau cov nqi kho mob ntau dua, tab sis qhov no tseem xav tias me me piv rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
Cov dej hneev taw ntawm cov dej electrolytic rau hydrogen ntau lawm yog qhov chaw tshwj xeeb uas nyob ntawm qhov muaj dej hauv zos, noj, degradation thiab muaj kuab paug. Qhov sib npaug ntawm ecosystems thiab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev nyab xeeb mus sij hawm ntev yuav tsum tau xav txog. Kev siv dej yuav yog ib qho teeb meem loj rau scaling txog hydrogen txuas ntxiv.
Post lub sij hawm: Mar-08-2023