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Hōʻike mākou i ka hopena photovoltaic kupaianaha ma YBa2Cu3O6.96 (YBCO) ceramic ma waena o 50 a me 300 K i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka hoʻomālamalama blue-laser, e pili pono ana i ka superconductivity o YBCO a me ka YBCO-metallic electrode interface. Aia ka polarity reversal no ka hāmama kaapuni Voc a me ka pōkole kaapuni o kēia manawa Isc i ka YBCO undergo a transition from superconducting to resistive state. Hōʻike mākou aia kahi mana uila ma waena o ke kikowaena metala maʻamau superconductor, e hāʻawi ana i ka ikaika hoʻokaʻawale no nā pālua electron-hole i hoʻokomo ʻia i ke kiʻi. Hiki ke alakaʻi ʻia kēia mana mai YBCO a i ka electrode metala i ka wā e superconducting ana ʻo YBCO a hoʻololi i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe ke lilo ʻo YBCO i nonsuperconducting. Hiki ke hoʻopili koke ʻia ke kumu o ka hiki ke pili i ka hopena pili i ke kikowaena metala-superconductor i ka wā e hoʻokō ʻia ai ka YBCO a manaʻo ʻia kona waiwai he ~ 10-8 mV ma 50 K me ka ikaika laser o 502 mW/cm2. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o kahi mea-p-type YBCO ma ke ʻano maʻamau me kahi mea n-type Ag-paste e hana i kahi hui quasi-pn nona ke kuleana no ka hana photovoltaic o YBCO ceramics ma nā wela kiʻekiʻe. Hiki i kā mākou mau ʻike ke wehe i ke ala i nā noi hou o nā polokalamu photon-electronic a hoʻomālamalama hou aku i ka hopena pili i ke kikowaena superconductor-metal.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka uila i hoʻokomo ʻia i ke kiʻi i nā superconductors kiʻekiʻe i ka makahiki 1990 a ua noiʻi nui ʻia mai ia manawa mai, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻonohonoho ʻia kona ʻano a me kona ʻano hana 1,2,3,4,5. YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) lahilahi films6,7,8, ma ka nui, ua intensively aʻo i loko o ke ano o ka photovoltaic (PV) pūnaewele ma muli o kona adjustable ikehu gap9,10,11,12,13. Eia nō naʻe, ke alakaʻi mau nei ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe o ka substrate i kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hāmeʻa a uhi i nā waiwai PV mua o YBCO8. Ma ʻaneʻi, hōʻike mākou i ka hopena photovoltaic kupaianaha i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana o ka blue-laser (λ = 450 nm) ma YBa2Cu3O6.96 (YBCO) ceramic ma waena o 50 a me 300 K (Tc ~ 90 K). Hōʻike mākou e pili pono ana ka hopena PV i ka superconductivity o YBCO a me ke ʻano o ka YBCO-metallic electrode interface. Aia ka polarity reversal no ka Voc kaapuni wehe a me ka Isc kaapuni pōkole i ka wā e hoʻololi ai ʻo YBCO mai ka superconducting phase i kahi kūlana resistive. Manaʻo ʻia aia kahi mana uila ma waena o ke kikowaena metala maʻamau superconductor, e hāʻawi ana i ka ikaika hoʻokaʻawale no nā pālua electron-hole i hoʻokomo ʻia i ke kiʻi. Hiki ke alakaʻi kēia mea hoʻopili mai YBCO a i ka electrode metala i ka wā e superconducting ana ʻo YBCO a hoʻololi i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe ke lilo ka hāpana nonsuperconducting. Hiki ke hoʻopili maoli ʻia ke kumu o ka mana me ka hopena pili14,15,16,17 ma ke kikowaena metala-superconductor i ka wā e superconducting ana ʻo YBCO a ua manaʻo ʻia kona waiwai he ~ 10−8 mV ma 50 K me ka ikaika laser o 502 mW /cm2. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o kahi mea-p-type YBCO ma ke ʻano maʻamau me kahi mea n-type Ag-paste forms, ʻoi aku paha, he hui quasi-pn nona ke kuleana no ka hana PV o nā seramika YBCO i nā wela kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kā mākou mau ʻike e hoʻomālamalama hou aku i ke kumu o ka hopena PV i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe superconducting YBCO ceramics a hoʻopaʻa i ke ala no kāna noi ʻana i nā mea optoelectronic e like me ka wikiwiki passive light detector etc.
Hōʻike ka Figure 1a-c i nā hiʻohiʻona IV o YBCO ceramic sample ma 50 K. Me ka ʻole o ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana, e mau ana ka voltage ma waena o ka hāpana me ka hoʻololi ʻana i kēia manawa, e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia mai kahi mea superconducting. Hōʻike ʻia ka hopena photovoltaic i ka wā e kuhikuhi ʻia ai ka kukuna laser i ka cathode (Fig. 1a): ʻo nā pihi IV e like me ka I-axis e neʻe i lalo me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ikaika laser. Ua ʻike ʻia aia kahi volta hoʻoiho kiʻi maikaʻi ʻole me ka ʻole o kēia manawa (i kapa pinepine ʻia ʻo Voc circuit open voltage). Hōʻike ka slope ʻaʻohe o ka pā IV i ka superconducting ka hāpana ma lalo o ka hoʻomālamalama laser.
(a–c) a me 300 K (e–g). Ua loaʻa nā waiwai o V(I) ma ke kāhili ʻana i ke au mai −10 mA a i +10 mA i loko o ka hakahaka. Hōʻike wale ʻia kahi hapa o ka ʻikepili hoʻokolohua no ka maopopo. a, Nā hiʻohiʻona o kēia manawa-voltage o YBCO i ana ʻia me kahi kiko laser i hoʻonoho ʻia ma ka cathode (i). ʻO nā ʻōkuhi IV āpau he mau laina pololei e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka superconducting me ka laser irradiation. Ke neʻe nei ka pihi i lalo me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ikaika o ka laser, e hōʻike ana aia kahi mana maikaʻi ʻole (Voc) ma waena o nā ala uila ʻelua me ka ʻole o kēia manawa. ʻAʻole hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻōkuhi IV ke kuhikuhi ʻia ka laser ma ke kikowaena o ka hāpana ma ka ether 50 K (b) a i ʻole 300 K (f). Ke neʻe nei ka laina ʻāpae i ka wā e hoʻomālamalama ʻia ai ka anode (c). Hōʻike ʻia ke kumu hoʻohālike o ka hui metala-superconductor ma 50 K ma d. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o kēia manawa-voltage o ka mokuʻāina maʻamau YBCO ma 300 K i ana ʻia me ka kukuna laser i kuhikuhi ʻia ma ka cathode a me ka anode i hāʻawi ʻia ma e a me g. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā hopena ma 50 K, ʻaʻole i ʻole ka slope o nā laina pololei e hōʻike ana aia ʻo YBCO i ke kūlana maʻamau; ʻokoʻa nā waiwai o Voc me ka ikaika māmā ma kahi ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, e hōʻike ana i kahi ʻano hana hoʻokaʻawale ʻokoʻa. Hōʻike ʻia kahi hoʻolālā hoʻohālikelike ma 300 K ma hj ʻO ke kiʻi maoli o ka hāpana me nā alakaʻi.
Hiki i ka YBCO waiwai nui o ka Oxygen ma ke aupuni superconducting ke hoʻopaʻa i ke kiko piha piha o ka lā ma muli o kona ʻāpana ikehu liʻiliʻi loa (Eg)9,10, a laila e hoʻokumu i nā pālua electron-hole (e–h). No ka hana 'ana i ka volta kaapuni hamama Voc ma o ka lawe 'ana i na kii, pono e ho'oka'awale i na pakani i haku 'ia ma mua o ka hana hou 'ana18. ʻO ka Voc maikaʻi ʻole, pili i ka cathode a me ka anode e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Fig. Inā ʻo ia ka hihia, pono nō ke kuhikuhi ʻana mai ka superconductor i ka electrode metala ma ka anode. No laila, loaʻa ka Voc maikaʻi inā hoʻomālamalama ʻia ka wahi hoʻohālike kokoke i ka anode. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole pono e loaʻa nā volta kiʻi i ka wā e kuhikuhi ʻia ai ka wahi laser i nā wahi mamao loa mai nā electrodes. ʻOiaʻiʻo ka hihia e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi 1b,c!.
Ke neʻe ka wahi kukui mai ka electrode cathode a i ke kikowaena o ka hāpana (ma kahi o 1.25 mm kaawale mai nā mea hoʻopili), ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke ʻano o nā pihi IV a ʻaʻohe Voc me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ikaika laser i ka waiwai nui loa i loaʻa (Fig. 1b) . Ma keʻano maʻamau, hiki ke hāʻawiʻia kēia hopena i ka palena o ke ola o nā mea lawe kiʻi kiʻi a me ka nele o ka ikaika kaʻawale i ka hāpana. Hiki ke hana ʻia nā hui lua uila i kēlā me kēia manawa e hoʻomālamalama ʻia ka hāpana, akā e hoʻopau ʻia ka hapa nui o nā hui e-h a ʻaʻohe hopena photovoltaic e ʻike ʻia inā hāʻule ke kiko laser ma nā wahi mamao loa mai kekahi o nā electrodes. ʻO ka neʻe ʻana i ka wahi laser i nā electrodes anode, ʻo nā pihi IV e like me ka I-axis e neʻe i luna me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ikaika laser (Fig. 1c). Aia ke kahua uila i kūkulu ʻia i loko o ka hui metala-superconductor ma ka anode. Eia naʻe, pili ka electrode metala i ke alakaʻi maikaʻi o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻāʻo i kēia manawa. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā puka i hana ʻia e ka laser i ke alakaʻi anode a no laila ʻike ʻia kahi Voc maikaʻi. ʻO nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia ma ʻaneʻi e hāʻawi i nā hōʻike ikaika e loaʻa maoli ana kahi mea hiki ke kuhikuhi mai ka superconductor i ka electrode metala.
Hōʻike ʻia ka hopena Photovoltaic ma YBa2Cu3O6.96 ceramics ma 300 K ma Fig. 1e-g. Me ka ʻole o ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana, ʻo ka ʻalihi IV o ka hāpana he laina pololei e hele ana i ke kumu. Ke neʻe nei kēia laina pololei i luna e like me ka laina mua me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ikaika laser irradiating ma nā alakaʻi cathode (Fig. 1e). ʻElua mau hihia palena o ka hoihoi no kahi mea photovoltaic. Hiki ke kūlana pōkole i ka wā V = 0. ʻO ke au i kēia hihia i kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka manawa pōkole pōkole (Isc). ʻO ka hihia palena ʻelua, ʻo ia ke kūlana kaapuni hāmama (Voc) i loaʻa inā ʻaʻole ʻo R→∞ a i ʻole kēia manawa. Hōʻike maopopo ka Figure 1e i ka maikaʻi a hoʻonui ʻia ʻo Voc me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ikaika māmā, ʻokoʻa me ka hopena i loaʻa ma 50 K; ʻoiai ʻike ʻia kahi Isc maikaʻi ʻole e hoʻonui i ka nui me ka hoʻomālamalama māmā, kahi ʻano maʻamau o nā cell solar maʻamau.
Pēlā nō, ke kuhikuhi ʻia ka kukuna laser ma nā wahi mamao loa mai nā electrodes, kūʻokoʻa ka pihi V (I) i ka ikaika laser a ʻaʻohe hopena photovoltaic i ʻike ʻia (Fig. 1f). E like me ke ana ma 50 K, neʻe nā ʻōpuni IV i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe e like me ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana o ka electrode anode (Fig. 1g). Loaʻa kēia mau hopena āpau no kēia ʻōnaehana paʻi YBCO-Ag ma 300 K me ka laser i hoʻomālamalama ʻia ma nā kūlana like ʻole o ka laʻana e kūlike me kahi hiki ke kūʻē i ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma 50 K.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā electrons condense i Cooper pai ma superconducting YBCO ma lalo o kona hoʻololi wela Tc. ʻOiai i loko o ka electrode metala, noho nā electron a pau i ke ʻano hoʻokahi. Loaʻa ka gradient density nui no nā electrons hoʻokahi a me nā hui Cooper ma kahi kokoke i ka interface metala-superconductor. ʻO nā electrons hoʻokahi o ka mea lawe nui i nā mea metala e laha i loko o ka ʻāina superconductor, aʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea lawe Cooper-paa ma ka ʻāina YBCO e laha i ka ʻāina metala. I ka lawe ʻana o nā hui Cooper i nā koina hou aʻe a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka neʻe ʻana ma mua o nā electrons hoʻokahi e laha ʻia mai YBCO i loko o ka ʻāina metala, waiho ʻia nā ʻātoma i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia, e loaʻa ana i kahi kahua uila ma ka ʻāpana uku. Hōʻike ʻia ke kuhikuhi o kēia kahua uila ma ke kiʻikuhi schematic Fig. 1d. Hiki i ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana o nā kiʻi kiʻi ma kahi kokoke i ka ʻāpana hoʻopaʻa lewa ke hana i nā pālua e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a holoi ʻia i waho e hana i kahi kiʻi kiʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao hoʻohuli. I ka puka ʻana o nā electrons i waho o ke kahua uila kūkulu ʻia, hoʻopaʻa ʻia lākou i ʻelua a kahe i ka electrode ʻē aʻe me ke kū ʻole. I kēia hihia, kū'ē ka Voc i ka polarity i hoʻonohonoho mua ʻia a hōʻike i kahi waiwai maikaʻi ʻole ke kuhikuhi ka kukuna laser i kahi a puni ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole. Mai ka waiwai o Voc, hiki ke koho ʻia ka mea hiki ma waena o ke kikowaena: ʻo ka mamao ma waena o nā alakaʻi volta ʻelua d he ~5 × 10−3 m, ʻo ka mānoanoa o ke kikowaena metala-superconductor, di, pono ke ʻano like o ka nui. e like me ka lōʻihi o ka coherence o YBCO superconductor (~ 1 nm) 19,20, e lawe i ka waiwai o Voc = 0.03 mV, ua loiloi ʻia ka Vms hiki i ka metala-superconductor interface he ~ 10−11 V ma 50 K me ka ikaika laser. o 502 mW/cm2, me ka hoohana ana i ka hoohalike,
Makemake mākou e hoʻokūpaʻa ma ʻaneʻi ʻaʻole hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ke kiʻi uila e ka hopena wela kiʻi. Ua ho'āʻo ʻia ʻo ka helu Seebeck o superconductor YBCO ʻo Ss = 021. ʻO ka helu Seebeck no nā uea kepau keleawe ma ka laulā o SCu = 0.34-1.15 μV/K3. Hiki ke hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ka mahana o ka uea keleawe ma ka wahi laser e kahi liʻiliʻi o 0.06 K me ka nui o ka laser ikaika loa i loaʻa ma 50 K. Hiki i kēia ke hana i kahi hiki thermoelectric o 6.9 × 10−8 V ʻo ia ʻekolu mau kauoha ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka Voc i loaa ma Fig 1 (a). ʻIke ʻia he liʻiliʻi loa ka hopena thermoelectric e wehewehe i nā hopena hoʻokolohua. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, e nalowale ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka wela ma muli o ka hoʻomālamalama laser ma lalo o hoʻokahi minuke i hiki ke mālama pono ʻia ka haʻawina mai ka hopena wela.
Hōʻike kēia hopena photovoltaic o YBCO i ka wela lumi e pili ana kekahi ʻano hana hoʻokaʻawale ʻokoʻa ma ʻaneʻi. ʻO ka Superconducting YBCO i ka mokuʻāina maʻamau he mea p-type me nā lua e like me ka mea lawe ukana22,23, aʻo ka metallic Ag-paste he mau hiʻohiʻona o kahi mea n-type. E like me nā hui pn, ʻo ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o nā electrons i loko o ka paʻi kālā a me nā lua o ka YBCO ceramic e hana i kahi kahua uila kūloko e kuhikuhi ana i ka ceramic YBCO ma ke kikowaena (Fig. 1h). ʻO kēia kahua i loko e hāʻawi i ka ikaika kaʻawale a alakaʻi i kahi Voc maikaʻi a me Isc maikaʻi ʻole no ka YBCO-Ag paste system ma ka lumi wela, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Fig. 1e. ʻO kahi ʻē aʻe, hiki iā Ag-YBCO ke hoʻokumu i kahi hui Schottky p-type e alakaʻi pū ana i kahi mana pili me ka polarity like e like me ke kumu hoʻohālike i hōʻike ʻia ma luna24.
No ka noiʻi ʻana i ke kaʻina hoʻololi kikoʻī o nā waiwai photovoltaic i ka wā o ka hoʻololi superconducting o YBCO, ua ana ʻia nā pihi IV o ka hāpana ma 80 K me nā ikaika laser i koho ʻia e hoʻomālamalama ana i ka electrode cathode (Fig. 2). Me ka ʻole o ka laser irradiation, mālama ka volta ma waena o ka hāpana ma ka ʻole me ka nānā ʻole ʻana i kēia manawa, e hōʻike ana i ke kūlana superconducting o ka hāpana ma 80 K (Fig. 2a). E like me ka ʻikepili i loaʻa ma 50 K, ʻo nā pihi IV e like me ka I-axis neʻe i lalo me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ikaika laser a hiki i kahi Pc waiwai koʻikoʻi. Ma luna aʻe o kēia ikaika laser koʻikoʻi (Pc), ke hoʻololi nei ka superconductor mai kahi pae superconducting i kahi pae kū'ē; hoʻomaka ka voltage e hoʻonui i kēia manawa ma muli o ke ʻano o ke kū'ē i ka superconductor. ʻO ka hopena, hoʻomaka ka pāʻani IV e hui me ka I-axis a me V-axis e alakaʻi ana i kahi Voc maikaʻi ʻole a me kahi Isc maikaʻi ma mua. I kēia manawa, ʻike ʻia ka laʻana i kahi kūlana kūikawā kahi e paʻakikī loa ai ka polarity o Voc a me Isc i ka ikaika māmā; me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka māmā māmā ua hoʻololi ʻia ʻo Isc mai ka maikaʻi i ka maikaʻi a me ka Voc mai ka maikaʻi ʻole i ka waiwai maikaʻi, e hele ana i ke kumu (ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o nā waiwai photovoltaic, ʻoi aku ka waiwai o Isc, i ka hoʻomālamalama kukui hiki ke ʻike maopopo ʻia ma Fig. 2b). Ma ka ikaika laser kiʻekiʻe loa i loaʻa, ua manaʻo nā pihi IV e like me kekahi me kekahi, e hōʻike ana i ke kūlana maʻamau o ka laʻana YBCO.
Hoʻonoho ʻia ke kikowaena kiko laser a puni nā electrodes cathode (e nānā i ke kiʻi 1i). a, IV nā pihi o YBCO i irradiated me nā ʻokoʻa laser ikaika. b (luna), ʻo ka hilinaʻi ikaika ʻana o ka laser o ka volta kaapuni hamama Voc a me ka Isc kaapuni pōkole o kēia manawa. ʻAʻole hiki ke loaʻa nā koina Isc ma ke kukui haʻahaʻa (< 110 mW/cm2) no ka mea, ua like nā pihi IV me ka I-axis i ka wā o ka hāpana i ke kūlana superconducting. b (lalo), kū'ē kū'ē like me ka hana o ka ikaika laser.
Hōʻike ʻia ka hilinaʻi ikaika laser o Voc a me Isc ma 80 K ma Fig. 2b (luna). Hiki ke kūkākūkā ʻia nā waiwai photovoltaic i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana o ka māmā māmā. ʻO ka ʻāpana mua ma waena o 0 a me Pc, kahi YBCO superconducting, Voc maikaʻi ʻole a emi iho (piʻi waiwai piha) me ka ikaika māmā a hiki i ka liʻiliʻi ma Pc. ʻO ka ʻāpana ʻelua mai Pc a hiki i kekahi P0 ikaika koʻikoʻi, ma laila e piʻi ai ʻo Voc i ka emi ʻana o Isc me ka piʻi ʻana o ka māmā māmā a hiki i ka ʻelua ma ka P0. Aia ka ʻāpana ʻekolu ma luna o P0 a hiki i ke kūlana maʻamau o YBCO. ʻOiai ʻokoʻa ka Voc a me Isc me ka ikaika māmā e like me ka ʻāpana 2, loaʻa iā lākou ka polarity kūʻē ma luna o ka ikaika koʻikoʻi P0. ʻO ke koʻikoʻi o ka P0 aia i loko o ka loaʻa ʻole o ka hopena photovoltaic a hoʻololi maikaʻi ka mīkini hoʻokaʻawale uku i kēia manawa. Lilo ka laʻana YBCO i non-superconducting i kēia ʻano o ka māmā māmā akā ʻaʻole i hiki ke kūlana maʻamau.
ʻIke loa, pili pono nā hiʻohiʻona photovoltaic o ka ʻōnaehana i ka superconductivity o YBCO a me kāna hoʻololi superconducting. Hōʻikeʻia ke kū'ēʻokoʻa, dV / dI, o YBCO ma ke kiʻi 2b (lalo) ma keʻano he hana o ka ikaika laser. E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, ʻo ke kūkulu ʻana i ka uila i loko o ke kikowaena ma muli o ka Cooper pair diffusion points mai ka superconductor a metala. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma 50 K, hoʻonui ʻia ka hopena photovoltaic me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ikaika laser mai 0 a Pc. Ke piʻi ka ikaika o ka laser i kahi waiwai ma luna o Pc, hoʻomaka ka pihi IV a hoʻomaka ke kū ʻana o ka hāpana, akā ʻaʻole i loli ka polarity o ka hiki. Ua noiʻi ʻia ka hopena o ka excitation optical ma ka superconductivity i ka ʻike ʻike a i ʻole kokoke-IR. ʻOiai ke kaʻina hana maʻamau e wāwahi i nā hui Cooper a luku i ka superconductivity25,26, i kekahi mau mea hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻololi superconductivity27,28,29, hiki ke hoʻoulu ʻia nā hana hou o ka superconductivity30. ʻO ka nele o ka superconductivity ma Pc hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia i ka haki ʻana o nā paʻi kiʻi. Ma ke kiko P0, lilo ka mea hiki ma waena o ke kikowaena i zero, e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ka uku ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ke kikowaena e hiki i ka pae like ma lalo o kēia ikaika o ka hoʻomālamalama māmā. ʻO ka hoʻonui hou ʻana i ka ikaika laser ka hopena o nā hui Cooper i luku ʻia a hoʻololi mālie ʻia ʻo YBCO i kahi mea p-type. Ma kahi o ka electron a me Cooper pair diffusion, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka hiʻohiʻona o ke kikowaena e ka electron a me ka hole diffusion e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻohuli polarity o ke kahua uila i loko o ke kikowaena a no laila he Voc maikaʻi (e hoʻohālikelike i ka Fig.1d,h). Ma ka ikaika laser kiʻekiʻe loa, hoʻopololei ka ʻokoʻa kūʻē o YBCO i kahi waiwai e pili ana i ke kūlana maʻamau a ʻo Voc a me Isc ke ʻano like ʻole me ka ikaika laser (Fig. 2b). Hōʻike kēia nānā ʻana ʻaʻole e hoʻololi hou ka irradiation laser ma ka mokuʻāina maʻamau ʻo YBCO i kona resistivity a me ka hiʻohiʻona o ka superconductor-metal interface akā hoʻonui wale i ka manaʻo o nā lua electron-hole.
No ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hopena o ka mahana ma nā waiwai photovoltaic, ua hoʻomālamalama ʻia ka ʻōnaehana metala-superconductor ma ka cathode me ka laser polū o ka ikaika 502 mW/cm2. Hāʻawi ʻia nā kaha IV i loaʻa ma nā mahana i koho ʻia ma waena o 50 a me 300 K ma ke kiʻi 3a. Hiki ke loa'a ka volta kaapuni hamama Voc, ka manawa kaapuni pokole Isc a me ke ku'eku'e 'oko'a mai keia mau kaha IV a ua hoikeia ma ka Fig. 3b. Me ka ʻole o ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana, ʻo nā ʻāpana IV āpau i ana ʻia ma nā mahana like ʻole e hele i ke kumu e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia (inset of Fig. 3a). Hoʻololi nui nā hiʻohiʻona IV me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana ke hoʻomālamalama ʻia ka ʻōnaehana e kahi kukuna laser ikaika (502 mW/cm2). Ma nā wela haʻahaʻa, he mau laina pololei nā ʻalihi IV me ka I-axis me nā waiwai maikaʻi ʻole o Voc. Ke neʻe nei kēia piʻi i luna me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana a huli mālie a lilo i laina me kahi slope nonzero ma kahi wela koʻikoʻi Tcp (Fig. 3a (luna)). Me he mea lā e hoʻohuli ʻia nā ʻōpuni hiʻohiʻona IV a puni i kahi kiko ma ka quadrant ʻekolu. Piʻi ka Voc mai kahi waiwai maikaʻi ʻole a i kahi waiwai maikaʻi ʻoiai e emi ana ʻo Isc mai kahi waiwai maikaʻi i kahi waiwai ʻino. Ma luna aʻe o ka wela hoʻololi superconducting mua Tc o YBCO, hoʻololi ʻokoʻa ka pihi IV me ka wela (lalo o Fig. 3a). ʻO ka mea mua, neʻe ke kikowaena hoʻololi o nā pihi IV i ka quadrant mua. ʻO ka lua, hoʻemi mau ka Voc a piʻi ka Isc me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana (luna o Fig. 3b). ʻO ke kolu, ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ka piʻi ʻana o nā ʻāpana IV me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wela me ka hopena i kahi koena wela maikaʻi o ke kūpaʻa ʻana no YBCO (lalo o Fig. 3b).
ʻO ka hilinaʻi wela o nā hiʻohiʻona photovoltaic no ka YBCO-Ag paste system ma lalo o 502 mW/cm2 laser illumination.
Hoʻonoho ʻia ke kikowaena kiko laser a puni nā electrodes cathode (e nānā i ke kiʻi 1i). a, i loaʻa nā kaha IV mai 50 a 90 K (luna) a mai 100 a 300 K (lalo) me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana o 5 K a me 20 K. Hōʻike ʻo Inset a i nā hiʻohiʻona IV i kekahi mau wela i ka pōʻeleʻele. ʻO nā ʻōpuni a pau e hele i ke kiko kumu. b, wehe kaapuni uila Voc a pōkole kaapuni o kēia manawa Isc (luna) a me ka ʻokoʻa kū'ē, dV/dI, o YBCO (lalo) ma ke ano he hana o ka wela. ʻAʻole hāʻawi ʻia ka zero resistance superconducting transition temperature Tcp no ka mea kokoke loa ia i Tc0.
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻekolu mau mahana koʻikoʻi mai Fig. 3b: Tcp, ma luna aʻe e lilo ai ʻo YBCO i non-superconducting; ʻO Tc0, kahi i lilo ai ʻo Voc a me Isc i zero a me Tc, ka wela hoʻololi superconducting hoʻomaka mua o YBCO me ka ʻole o ka laser irradiation. Ma lalo o Tcp ~ 55 K, aia ka YBCO i hoʻomālamalama ʻia i ka laser ma ke kūlana superconducting me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o nā hui Cooper. ʻO ka hopena o ka laser irradiation e hoʻemi i ka zero resistance superconducting transition temperature mai 89 K a ~ 55 K (lalo o Fig. 3b) ma o ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka manaʻo hui Cooper me ka hoʻopuka ʻana i ka voltaic voltaic a me kēia manawa. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mahana e wāwahi ai i nā hui Cooper e alakaʻi ana i kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka interface. No laila, e liʻiliʻi ka waiwai piha o Voc, ʻoiai ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ikaika like o ka hoʻomālamalama laser. E liʻiliʻi a liʻiliʻi ka mana o ka interface me ka hoʻonui hou ʻana i ka mahana a hiki i ka zero ma Tc0. ʻAʻohe hopena photovoltaic ma kēia wahi kūikawā no ka mea ʻaʻohe kahua i loko e hoʻokaʻawale i nā pālua electron-hole i hoʻokomo ʻia. ʻO ka hoʻohuli polarity o ka hiki ke loaʻa ma luna o kēia mahana koʻikoʻi no ka mea ʻoi aku ka nui o ka uku manuahi ma Ag paste ma mua o ka YBCO i hoʻihoʻi mālie ʻia i kahi mea p-type. Maanei makemake mākou e hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻohuli ʻana o ka polarity o Voc a me Isc ma hope koke o ka hoʻololi superconducting zero resistance, me ka nānā ʻole i ke kumu o ka hoʻololi. Hōʻike maopopo kēia ʻike, no ka manawa mua, ka pilina ma waena o ka superconductivity a me nā hopena photovoltaic e pili ana me ka hiki ke hoʻopili metala-superconductor. ʻO ke ʻano o kēia hiki ma waena o ka superconductor-normal metal interface he mea noiʻi no nā makahiki he nui i hala akā he nui nā nīnau e kali nei e pane ʻia. ʻO ke ana ʻana o ka hopena photovoltaic hiki ke hōʻoia i ke ala kūpono no ka ʻimi ʻana i nā kikoʻī (e like me kona ikaika a me ka polarity etc.) o kēia koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi a no laila e hoʻomālamalama i ka hopena superconducting kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO ka hoʻonui hou ʻana i ka wela mai Tc0 a i Tc ke alakaʻi i kahi ʻano liʻiliʻi o nā hui Cooper a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hiki ke hoʻopili a no laila ʻoi aku ka nui o Voc. Ma Tc, lilo ka mana'o hui Cooper i zero a hiki i ka hiki ke kūkulu i loko o ka interface i ka palena ki'eki'e, e hopena i ka Voc ki'eki'e a me ka Isc ha'aha'a. ʻO ka piʻi wikiwiki o Voc a me Isc (waiwai kūʻokoʻa) i kēia pae wela e pili ana i ka hoʻololi superconducting i hoʻonui ʻia mai ΔT ~ 3 K a ~ 34 K e ka laser irradiation o ka ikaika 502 mW/cm2 (Fig. 3b). Ma nā mokuʻāina maʻamau ma luna o Tc, e emi ana ka volta kaapuni hamama Voc me ka mahana (luna o Fig. 3b), e like me ke ʻano laina laina o Voc no nā pūnana lā maʻamau e pili ana i nā junctions pn31,32,33. ʻOiai ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻololi ʻana o Voc me ka mahana (−dVoc/dT), e hilinaʻi nui ana i ka ikaika laser, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ko nā cell solar maʻamau, ʻo ka coefficient wela o Voc no YBCO-Ag junction ua like ke ʻano o ka nui me kēlā. o na keena la. Ke piʻi aʻe nei ke au leakage o kahi hui pn no ka mea hana maʻamau o ka lā me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana, e alakaʻi ana i ka emi ʻana o ka Voc i ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana. ʻO ka laina linear IV i ʻike ʻia no kēia ʻōnaehana Ag-superconductor, ma muli o ka mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi loa ka hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia a ʻo ka lua o ka hoʻohui hope-i-hope o nā heterojunction ʻelua, he mea paʻakikī ke hoʻoholo i ke au leakage. Eia nō naʻe, ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hilinaʻi like ʻana o ka leakage o kēia manawa ke kuleana no ka ʻano Voc i ʻike ʻia i kā mākou hoʻokolohua. E like me ka wehewehe ʻana, ʻo Isc ka mea e pono ai e hana i ka volta maikaʻi ʻole e hoʻopaʻi iā Voc i ʻole ka nui o ka volta. Ke piʻi aʻe ka mahana, liʻiliʻi ka Voc i mea e pono ai ka liʻiliʻi o kēia manawa e hana i ka volta maikaʻi ʻole. Eia kekahi, pi'i ke kū'ē o YBCO i ka laina me ka wela ma luna o Tc (lalo o Fig. 3b), e kōkua pū ana hoʻi i ka waiwai liʻiliʻi o Isc ma nā wela kiʻekiʻe.
E hoʻomaopopo i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hopena i hāʻawi ʻia ma Fig 2,3 e ka laser irradiating ma kahi a puni nā electrodes cathode. Ua hana hou ʻia nā ana me ka wahi laser i hoʻonoho ʻia ma ka anode a ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano like IV a me nā waiwai photovoltaic koe wale nō ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka polarity o Voc a me Isc i kēia hihia. ʻO kēia mauʻikepili a pau e alakaʻi i kahi mīkini no ka hopena photovoltaic, kahi pili pili loa i ke kikowaena superconductor-metal.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ua ana ʻia nā ʻano IV o ka laser irradiated superconducting YBCO-Ag paste system e like me nā hana o ka mahana a me ka ikaika laser. Uaʻikeʻia ka hopena photovoltaic kupaianaha i ka mahana wela mai ka 50 a hiki i ka 300 K. Uaʻikeʻia ua pili ikaika nā waiwai photovoltaic i ka superconductivity o YBCO ceramics. Hoʻololi koke ʻia kahi hoʻohuli polarity o Voc a me Isc ma hope koke o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka superconducting kiʻi i ka hoʻololi non-superconducting. ʻO ka hilinaʻi wela o Voc a me Isc i ana ʻia ma ka ikaika laser paʻa e hōʻike pū ana i kahi hoʻohuli polarity ʻokoʻa ma kahi wela koʻikoʻi ma luna aʻe e lilo ai ka hāpana. Ma ka ʻimi ʻana i ka wahi laser i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka laʻana, hōʻike mākou aia kahi mana uila ma waena o ke kikowaena, kahi e hāʻawi ai i ka ikaika kaʻawale no nā pālua electron-hole i hoʻokomo ʻia i ke kiʻi. Hiki ke alakaʻi kēia mea hoʻopili mai YBCO a i ka electrode metala i ka wā e superconducting ana ʻo YBCO a hoʻololi i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe ke lilo ka hāpana nonsuperconducting. ʻO ke kumu o ka hiki ke pili maoli me ka hopena pili i ke kikowaena metala-superconductor i ka wā e hana nui ʻia ʻo YBCO a ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ~ 10−8 mV ma 50 K me ka ikaika laser o 502 mW/cm2. Hoʻopili i kahi mea p-type YBCO ma ke kūlana maʻamau me kahi mea n-type Ag-paste e hana i kahi hui quasi-pn nona ke kuleana no ka hana photovoltaic o YBCO ceramics ma nā wela kiʻekiʻe. ʻO nā ʻike ma luna nei e hoʻomālamalama i ka hopena PV i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe superconducting YBCO ceramics a hoʻopaʻa i ke ala i nā noi hou i nā mea optoelectronic e like me ka wikiwiki passive light detector a me ka ʻike photon hoʻokahi.
Ua hana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi ma ka YBCO ceramic sample o 0.52 mm mānoanoa a me 8.64 × 2.26 mm2 rectangular shape a hoʻomālamalama ʻia e ka nalu mau ʻana i ka blue-laser (λ = 450 nm) me ka nui o ka laser spot o 1.25 mm i ka radius. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nui ma mua o ka laʻana kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni hiki iā mākou ke aʻo i nā waiwai photovoltaic o ka superconductor me ka ʻole e hoʻopili i ka mana paʻakikī o ka substrate6,7. Eia kekahi, hiki i ka mea nui ke kūpono no kāna kaʻina hana maʻalahi a me ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa. Hoʻopili ʻia nā uea kepau keleawe ma ka laʻana YBCO me ka paʻi kālā e hana ana i ʻehā mau electrodes pōʻai ma kahi o 1 mm ke anawaena. ʻO ka mamao ma waena o nā electrodes voltage ʻelua ma kahi o 5 mm. Ua ana ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona IV o ka laʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea hoʻohālike haʻalulu (VersaLab, Quantum Design) me kahi puka aniani aniani. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano hana maʻamau no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pihi IV. Hōʻike ʻia nā kūlana pili o nā electrodes a me ka wahi laser ma Fig. 1i.
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Ua kākoʻo ʻia kēia hana e ka National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 60571063), nā Fundamental Research Projects o Henan Province, Kina (Grant No. 122300410231).
Ua kākau ʻo FY i ka kikokikona o ka pepa a ua hoʻomākaukau ʻo MYH i ka laʻana ceramic YBCO. Ua hana ʻo FY a me MYH i ka hoʻokolohua a nānā i nā hopena. Ua alakaʻi ʻo FGC i ka papahana a me ka wehewehe ʻepekema o ka ʻikepili. Ua nānā nā mea kākau a pau i ka manuscript.
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Yang, F., Han, M. & Chang, F. Origin of photovoltaic effect in superconducting YBa2Cu3O6.96 ceramics. Sci Rep 5, 11504 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11504
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Ka manawa kau: Apr-22-2020